Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
cellular respiration
|
process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules
|
|
|
primary aim of cellular respiration
|
to make ATP and NADH
|
|
|
4 metabolic pathways
|
1 Glycolysis
2 breakdown of pyruvate to an acetyl group 3 citric acid cycle 4 oxidation phosphorylation |
|
|
Steps in glycolysis nearly _____ in all
living species |
identical
|
|
|
Glycolysis can occur with or without ______
|
oxygen
|
|
|
Phase 1 of glycolysis is _______
|
Energy investment
|
|
|
Phase 2 of glycolysis is ______
|
Cleavage
|
|
|
Phase 3 of glycolysis is ______
|
Energy liberation
|
|
|
Metabolic cycle
|
particular molecules enter while others leave, involving a series of organic molecules regenerated with each cycle
|
|
|
The metabolic cycle happens in the _______
|
Citric acid cycle
|
|
|
In stage four: oxidative phosphorylation, high energy electrons are removed from ____ and ____ to make _____
|
NADH, FADH2, ATP
|
|
|
Chemiosmosis
|
Chemical synthesis of ATP as a result of pushing H+ across a membrane
|
|
|
energy conversion
|
H+ electrochemical gradient or proton motive force converted to chemical bond energy in ATP
|
|
|
Racker and Stoeckenius
|
confirmed ATP uses an H+ electrochemical gradient
|
|
|
warburg effect
|
cancer cells preferentially use glycolysis while decreasing oxidative phosphorylation
|
|
|
Glycolytic enzymes overexpressed in ____ of all types of cancers
|
80%
|
|
|
caused by genetic and environmental factors-
|
mutations and low oxygen
|
|
|
anaerobic metabolism
|
for environments that lack oxygen or during oxygen dificits
|
|
|
2 strategies of anaerobic metabolism
|
-use substrate other than O2 as final electron acceptor in electron transport chain
-produce ATP only via subsrate-level phosphorylation |
|
|
other accecptors of anaerobic metabolism
|
- E. coli uses nitrate (NO3-) under anaerobic conditions
-Makes ATP via chemiosmosis even under aerobic conditions |
|
|
primary metabolism
|
essential for cell structure and function
|
|
|
Secondary metabolism
|
synthesis of secondary metabolites that are not necessary for cell structure and growth
|
|
|
Secondary metabolites unique to a species or group... plays_________
|
Roles in defense, attraction, protection,
competition |
|
|
4 categories of secondary metabolism
|
Phenolics, Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Polyketides
|
|
|
Phenolics
|
Antioxidants with intense flavors and smells
|
|
|
Alkaloids
|
Bitter-tasting molecules for defense
|
|
|
Terpenoids
|
Intense smells and colors
|
|
|
Polyketides
|
Chemical weapons
|
|
|
Energy investment consist of steps ____
|
1-3
|
|
|
Cleavage consists of steps ____
|
4-5
|
|
|
Energy liberation consist of steps ___
|
6-10
|
|
|
In energy investment two ATP are hydrolyzed to create
|
fructose-1,6 bisphosphate
|
|
|
In cleavage 6 carbon molecules are broken into
|
two 3 carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
|
|
|
In energy liberation two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules are broken down into
|
two pyruvate molecules producing 2 NADH and 4 ATP
|
|
|
Oxidative phosphorylation typically requires ______
|
oxygen
|
|
|
Oxidative process involves _______
|
electron transport
chain |
|
|
Phosphorylation occurs by ______
|
ATP synthase
|
|
|
Acetyl is removed from Acetyl CoA and
attached to oxaloacetate to form |
citrate or
citric acid |
|
|
in the ______ a series of steps releases 2 CO2
, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 |
citric acid cycle
|
|
|
________ is regenerated to start the cycle
again in the citric acid cycle |
Oxaloacetate
|
|
|
In eukaryotes, pyruvate in transported to the _______
|
mitochondrial matrix
|
|
|
In stage 2 pyruvates are broken down by _______
|
pyruvate dehydrogenase
|
|
|
Molecule of ______ is removed from each pyruvate
|
CO2
|
|
|
Remaining acetyl group attached to CoA to
make _______ |
acetyl CoA
|
|
|
How many NADH is made for each pyruvate?
|
1
|
