Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Identify the joint type:
Typically allows a slight degree of movement |
Cartilaginous
|
|
|
Identify the joint type:
Includes joints between the vertebral bodies and the pubic symphysis |
Cartilaginous
|
|
|
Identify the joint type:
Essentially immovable joints |
Fibrous
|
|
|
Identify the joint type:
Sutures are the most remembered examples |
Fibrous
|
|
|
Identify the joint type:
Characterized by cartilage connecting bony portions |
Cartilaginous
|
|
|
Identify the joint type:
All characterized by a fibrous articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane surrounding a joint cavity |
Synovial
|
|
|
Identify the joint type:
All are freely moveable or diathrotic |
Synovial
|
|
|
Identify the joint type:
Bone regions united by fibrous connective tissue |
Fibrous
|
|
|
Identify the joint type:
Include the hip, knee and elbow joints |
Synovial
|
|
|
A band of regular fibrous tissue that connects BONE.
|
Ligament
|
|
|
Cord of dense fibrous tissue attached MUSCLE to BONE.
|
Tendon
|
|
|
Hyaline cartilage covering bone ends at moveable joints.
|
Articular Cartilage
|
|
|
The inner layer of the joint capsule that is composed of connective tissue.
|
Synovial Membrane
|
|
|
Fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid; occurs between two bones and muscle tendons (or other structures) where it acts to decrease friction during movement.
|
Bursa
|
|
|
What kind of joint?
Joint between the axis and atlas |
Pivot
|
|
|
What kind of joint?
Hip joint |
Ball and socket
|
|
|
What kind of joint?
Intervertebral joint (between articular processes) |
Gliding/Plane
|
|
|
What kind of joint?
Joint between forearm bones and wrist |
Condyloid
|
|
|
What kind of joint?
Elbow |
Hinge
|
|
|
What kind of joint?
Interphalangeal joints |
Hinge
|
|
|
What kind of joint?
Intercarpal joints |
Gliding/plane
|
|
|
What kind of joint?
Joint between talus and tibia/fibula |
Hinge
|
|
|
What kind of joint?
Joint between skull and vertebral column |
Condyloid
|
|
|
What kind of joint?
Joint between jaw and skull |
Hinge
|
|
|
What kind of joint?
Joints between proximal phalanges and metacarpal bones |
Condyloid
|
|
|
What kind of joint?
A multiaxial joint |
Ball and socket
|
|
|
What kind of joint?
Biaxial joints |
Condyloid and Saddle
|
|
|
What kind of joint?
Uniaxial joints |
Hinge and Pivot
|
|
|
Indicate the number of planes in which each joint can move
Uniaxial Joints |
One
|
|
|
Indicate the number of planes in which each joint can move
Biaxial Joints |
Two
|
|
|
Indicate the number of planes in which each joint can move
Multiaxial Joints |
Three
|
|
|
What characteristics do all joints have in common?
|
They hold bones together and allow various degrees of skeletal movement.
|
|
|
Is the hip or knee joint more stable and why?
|
The hip because it has strong ligaments and deep sockets.
|
|
|
What are two important factors that contribute to the stability of the knee?
|
Menisci and ligaments and tendons crossing joints
|
|
|
What are four factors that contribute to the shoulder joint having a large range of motion?
|
1. The articular capsule enclosing the joint cavity
2. Rotator cuff 3. Large head and small joint 4. Muscle tendons |
|
|
In which direction does the shoulder usually dislocate?
|
Forward and downward
|
|
|
During muscle contraction, the _________ moves toward the _________.
|
Insertion and origin
|
|
|
What structural joint changes are common to the elderly?
|
Osteoarthritis (degenerative joint diseases)
|
|
|
What is the injury?
The ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn |
Sprain
|
|
|
What is the injury?
Bones are forced out of alignment |
Dislocation
|
|
|
What type of tissue damage might you expect to find in a dislocated joint?
|
Inflammation and stretching of the joint capsule and ligaments
|
|
|
Decreasing the angle between
two bones Bending your head toward your chest |
Flexion
|
|
|
Increasing the angle between
two bones Straightening an elbow |
Extension
|
|
|
Moving a limb away from the midline.
Raising your arm laterally |
Abduction
|
|
|
Moving a limb toward the midline
Lowering your arm |
Adduction
|
|
|
Moving the limb in a circular (cone-shaped) manner
Pitcher winding up to throw a ball |
Circumduction
|
|
|
Turning movement of a bone along its long axis.
The atlas over the axis (shake your head “no”) and at hip & shoulder joints. |
Rotation
|
|
|
Movements of the radius
around the ulna. Palm up – supination Palm down – pronation |
Supination/Pronation
|
|
|
Movement of foot.
Sole inward – inversion Sole outward – eversion |
Inversion/Eversion
|
|
|
Movement of the thumb when you
touch your thumb to the tips of your other fingers |
Opposition
|
|
|
Raised area on lateral surface of humerus to which deltoid muscle attaches
|
Deltoid Tuberosity
|
|
|
Arm bone
|
Humerus
|
|
|
Bones of the shoulder girdle
|
Clavicle, scapula
|
|
|
Forearm bones
|
Ulna, radius
|
|
|
Scapular region to which the clavicle connects
|
Acromion
|
|
|
Shoulder girdle bone that is unattached to the axial skeleton
|
Scapula
|
|
|
Shoulder girdle bone that articulates with and transmits forces to the body thorax
|
Clavicle
|
|
|
Depression in the scapula that articulates with the humerus
|
Glenoid cavity
|
|
|
Process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment
|
Coracoid process
|
|
|
The "collarbone"
|
Clavicle
|
|
|
Distal condyle on the humerus that articulates with the ulna
|
Trochlea
|
|
|
Medial bone of forearm in anatomical position
|
Ulna
|
|
|
Rounded knob on the humerus; adjoins the radius
|
Capitulum
|
|
|
Anterior depression, superior to the trochlea, that receives part of the ulna when the forearm is flexed
|
Coronoid fossa
|
|
|
Forearm bone involved in formation of the elbow joint
|
Ulna
|
|
|
Wrist bones
|
Carpals
|
|
|
Finger bones
|
Phalanges
|
|
|
Heads of these bones form the knuckles
|
Metacarpals
|
|
|
Bones that articulate with the clavicle
|
Scapula, sternum
|
|
|
How is the arm held clear of the widest dimension of the thoracic cage?
|
The clavicle acts as a strut to hold the glenoid cavity of the scapula (therefore the arm) laterally away from the humerus dimension of the rib cage
|
|
|
What is the total number of phalanges in the hand?
|
14
|
|
|
What is the total number or carpals in the wrist?
|
8
|
|
|
The bones of the pectoral girdle:
|
Flexibility is most important
Lightweight Insecure axial & limb attachments |
|
|
The bones of the pelvic girdle:
|
Massive
Secure axial & limb attachments Weight-bearing most important |
|
|
What organs are protected, at least in part, by the pelvic girdle?
|
Uterus in the female, urinary bladder, small intestines, rectum
|
|
|
Distinguish between the true pelvis and the false pelvis.
|
The false pelvis is really part of the abdomen and helps support the abdominal viscera; does not restrict childbirth. The true pelvis is almost entirely surrounded by bone and contains the pelvic organs; contains the pelvic inlet and outlet.
|
|
|
What is the difference between the male and female pelvis?
|
The female pelvis is lighter, thinner, smoother, tilted forward and adapted for childbirth, the coccyx is straighter and more movable
|
|
|
Why is the pelvic bones of a four-legged animal such as the cat or pig much less massive than those of a human?
|
Because the pelvic girdle does not have to carry the entire weight of the upper portion of the body
|
|
|
What bone acts as a brace to hold the arms out and away from the body?
|
Clavicle
|
|
|
When you hit your elbow and say that you hit your "funny bone," you have actually hit a nerve that runs across the bone surface. Over which bone can this nerve be found?
|
Humerus
|
|
|
What allows the foot to hold up the weight of the body?
|
Arches
|
|
|
The frontal bone forms the:
|
Anterior cranium
|
|
|
Most facial bones articulate with the:
|
Maxillary bones
|
|
|
The movable base of the tongue is the:
|
Hyoid bone
|
|
|
Which bone of the body is the only bone that does not articulate directly with any other bone?
|
Hyoid bone
|
|
|
The suture that connects the two parietal bones together is the ________.
|
Sagittal
|
|
|
What is the major function of the axial skeleton?
|
Provide central support for the body and protect internal organs
|
|
|
The ___________ articulate(s) with the hip bones of the pelvis.
|
Sacrum
|
|
|
What is the major function of the intervertebral discs?
|
Absorb shock
|
|
|
Which of the following is an abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column often seen in the thoracic region?
|
Scoliosis
|
|
|
Which part of the vertebral column receives the most stress by bearing most of the weight of the body?
|
The lumbar region
|
|
|
Thoracic vertebrae differ from the other vertebrae in that they have ________.
|
Facets for attachment of ribs
|
|
|
The articulation that most closely resembles a hinge in the body involves which bones?
|
Humerus/ulna
|
|
|
How are the male and female pelves different?
|
The female pelvis is designed for childbearing.
|
|
|
The pelvic girdle does not include the ________.
|
Sacrum
|
|
|
Does the scapula attach to the axial skeleton?
|
No
|
|
|
Which of the following bones is not weight bearing?
|
Fibula
|
|
|
The heel bone is called the ________.
|
Calcaneus
|
|
|
The membranous areas between the cranial bones of the fetal skull are called ________.
|
Fontanelles
|
|
|
Functional classification of joints is based on:
|
The amount of movement allowed by the joint.
|
|
|
Which of the following does not represent a structural classification of joints?
|
Synovial
Cartilaginous Fibrous DIARTHROSES |
|
|
What is a joint that is immovable?
|
SYNARTHROSIS
|
|
|
Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________.
|
Amphiarthroses
|
|
|
Synarthrotic joints ________.
|
Permit essentially no movement
|
|
|
Is the amount of movement permitted by a particular joint is the basis for the functional classification of joints.
|
Yes
|
|
|
Do all joints permit some degree of movement, even if very slight?
|
No
|
|
|
A fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket is called a ________ joint.
|
Gomphosis
|
|
|
On the basis of structural classification, which joint is fibrous connective tissue?
|
Syndesmosis
|
|
|
Fibrous joints are classified as ________.
|
Sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
|
|
|
The joint between the frontal and parietal bones is called a ________ joint.
|
Suture
|
|
|
Using the functional classification, a freely movable joint would be called a ________ joint.
|
Diarthroses
|
|
|
Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to ________.
|
Provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints
|
|
|
A joint united by dense fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a ________.
|
Symphysis
|
|
|
________ are cartilaginous joints.
|
Synchondroses
|
|
|
In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________.
|
Hyaline cartilage
|
|
|
Synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints. Which of the following statements is true about this fluid?
|
It contains hyaluronic acid.
|
|
|
What statements defines synchondroses?
|
Cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites the ends of bones
|
|
|
Most joints of the body are classified as_______ joints.
|
Synovial
|
|
|
Whst is not a factor that stabilizes joints?
|
Amount of synovial fluid
|
|
|
The synovial membrane:
|
Lines the inside of the fibrous capsule of a joint.
|
|
|
Extension is an example of a(n) ______ movement.
|
Angular
|
|
|
The shoulder and hip are examples of:
|
ball-and-socket joints.
|
|
|
Synovial joints are classified into six main categories based on:
|
the movements they allow.
|
|
|
In a sprain, the ______ of a joint are stretched or torn.
|
ligaments
|
|
|
What is the major factor that influences the stability of synovial joints?
|
Muscle tone
|
|
|
Which of the following is the defining structure of a synovial joint?
|
Joint cavity
|
|
|
Which movement increases the angle between bones?
|
Extension
|
|
|
Which joint has sacrificed stability to provide freedom of movement?
|
Shoulder
|
|
|
Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membranes that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called ________.
|
Bursae
|
|
|
The cruciate ligaments of the knee ________.
|
prevent hyperextension of the knee
|
|
|
The gliding motion of the wrist is accomplished because of the ________ joint.
|
plane
|
|
|
Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ________.
|
hyperextension
|
|
|
What are menisci?
|
semilunar cartilage pads
|
|
|
What is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body along the frontal plane called?
|
Abduction
|
|
|
The terms inversion and eversion pertain only to the ________.
|
Feet
|
|
|
The hip joint is a good example of a(n) ________ synovial joint.
|
Multiaxial
|
|
|
Pointing the toes is an example of ________.
|
plantar flexion
|
|
|
Saddle joints have concave and convex surfaces. Name the two bones of the hand that articulate to form a saddle joint.
|
The trapezium of the carpal bone and the thumb's metacarpal.
|
|
|
Moving your jaw forward, causing an underbite, is called ________.
|
Protraction
|
|
|
A ________ is a fluid-filled sac a tendon slides over.
|
Bursa
|
|
|
Does the articular surfaces of synovial joints play a minimal role in joint stability?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Is the major role of ligaments at synovial joints is to help direct movement and restrict undesirable movement.?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Is a movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned from posterior to anterior is supination?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Which of the following is correctly paired?
Smooth muscle: striated Cardiac muscle: nonstriated Skeletal muscle: voluntary control Cardiac muscle: voluntary control |
Skeletal muscle: voluntary control
|
|
|
Muscle tissue does not:
|
Generate nerve impulses.
|
|
|
Which muscle characteristic describes the ability of muscle to respond to a stimulus?
|
Excitability
|
|
|
What surrounds the individual muscle cell?
|
Endomysium
|
|
|
Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________.
contractility secretion excitability extensibility |
Secretion
|
|
|
The end of the muscle that typically moves when a muscle contracts is called the ________.
|
Insertion
|
|
|
Is one of the important functions of skeletal muscle contraction is production of heat?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Will muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are attached?
|
No
|
|
|
The connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle, in order from internal to external are the:
|
Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium
|
|
|
The smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber is the:
|
Sarcomere
|
|
|
The major role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum is to regulate:
|
Intracellular levels of Ca2+.
|
|
|
The sliding filament model of contraction states that:
|
During contraction, the thin filaments slide past the thick filaments so that actin and myosin filaments overlap.
|
|
|
When muscles are contracting under oxygen deficient conditions, they will form ________ to ensure they maintain a supply of ATP.
|
Lactic acid
|
|
|
Which organelle contains the contractile elements found in skeletal muscle?
|
Myofibril
|
|
|
What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage?
|
sarcoplasmic reticulum
|
|
|
What produces the striations of a skeletal muscle cell?
|
the arrangement of myofilaments
|
|
|
What are composed of myosin?
|
thick filaments
|
|
|
The term aponeurosis refers to ________.
|
a sheetlike indirect attachment to a skeletal element
|
|
|
The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is ________.
|
Myoglobin
|
|
|
The contractile units of skeletal muscles are ________.
|
Myofibrils
|
|
|
What is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle called?
|
a sarcomere
|
|
|
Only ________ muscle cells are always multinucleated.
|
skeletal
|
|
|
Is peristalsis is characteristic of smooth muscle?
|
Yes
|
