Chapter 6 Test Memory

Front 1

A ___ is a set of neurons that serve to retain information over time.

Back 1

Memory Store

Front 2

They are ___ processes involved in memory.

Back 2

Three

1. Encoding

2. Storage

3. Retrieval

Front 3

____ is the process of organizing and transforming information so that it can be entered into memory.

Back 3

1. Encoding

Front 4

The process of retaining information in memory is called ___.

Back 4

2. Storage

Front 5

___ is the process of accessing information stored in memory.

Back 5

3. Retrieval

Front 6

The lowest level of memory is ___ memory. It holds a large amount of perceptual information for a very brief time.

Back 6

Sensory Memory

Front 7

Visual Sensory Memory

Back 7

Iconic Memory

Front 8

Auditory Sensory Memory

Back 8

Echoic Memory

Front 9

A memory store that holds a reactively small amount of information for a few seconds is ____ memory.

Back 9

Sort-Term Memory

Front 10

A unit of information such as digit, letter, or word. In STM, we can remember 5-9 items organized into about 4 ____.

Back 10

Chunk

Front 11

The process of repeating information over and over to retain in STM.

Back 11

Rehearsal

Front 12

____ memory is a memory store that holds a large amount of information for a long time.

Back 12

Long-Term Memory

Front 13

First researcher to show that STM and LTM are distinct and operate differently.

Back 13

Ebbinghaus

Front 14

The ___ is the increased memory for the first few items in a set. LTM

Back 14

Primacy Effect

Front 15

The ____ is increased memory for the last few items in a set. STM

Back 15

Recency Effect

Front 16

There are ___ types of LTM

Back 16

6

Front 17

____ are memory stores that retain input from a single sense or from a specific processing system.

Back 17

Modality Specific Memory Stores

Front 18

Memory of the meaning of words, concepts, and general facts about the world is called ____ memory. We usually DO NOT remember when, where, or how we learned the information. Associative Networks

Back 18

Semantic Memory

Front 19

Memory of events that are associated with a particular context is ____ memory. We DO remember when, where, or how we learned the information.

Back 19

Episodic Memory

Front 20

Episodic memories for events in your own life

Back 20

Autobiographical Memories

Front 21

Explicit memory is a memory that can be retrieved at will and represented in STM (Sort-Term Memory). It is also called ____ memory.

Back 21

Declarative

Front 22

____ memory is memory that cannot be retrieved at will but does influence behavior and thinking in the presence of certain stimuli. It is also called Non-Declarative memory.

Back 22

Implicit Memory

Front 23

Three types of implicit memory

Back 23

1. Classically Conditioned Responses

2. Habit

3. Priming

Front 24

A ____ is a well learned response that is carried out automatically when the appropriate stimulus is present.

Back 24

Habit

Front 25

The result of having just preformed a task that facilitates repeating the same task more easily in the future is called ____.

Back 25

Priming

Front 26

____ memory is a system that includes specialized STMs and the central executive process that operate on them.

Back 26

Working Memory

Front 27

The set of processes that operate on information in one or another STMs to plan, reason, and problem-solve is called ____.

Back 27

Central Executive

Front 28

STM that holds verbally produced sounds

Back 28

Articulatory Loop

Front 29

STM that holds visual and spatial information. This is strongly influenced by genetics

Back 29

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Front 30

A ____ is a type of mental representation.

Back 30

Code

Front 31

____ is the process of converting information stored dynamically in LTM into a structural change in the brain.

Back 31

Consolidation

Front 32

Continually active memory is called ____ memory.

Back 32

Dynamic Memory

Front 33

Memory stored in structural form is called ____ memory.

Back 33

Structural Memory

Front 34

_____ is the number and complexity of the operations involved in processing information.

Back 34

Depth of Processing

Front 35

Processing that organizes and integrates information into previously stored information is called ____.

Back 35

Breadth of Processing

Front 36

Retrieval is better if the same type of processing is used to retrieve information from memory as was used in encoding the information

Back 36

Transfer Appropriate Processing

Front 37

_____ is encoding that involves great breadth of processing.

Back 37

Elaborative Encoding

Front 38

Learning that occurs as a result of trying to learn

Back 38

Intentional Learning

Front 39

Learning that occurs without intention

Back 39

Incidental Learning

Front 40

Emotionally charged information is stored in ____ memory better than neutral information.

Back 40

Episodic Memory

Front 41

An unusually vivid and accurate memory of a dramatic event is called ___ memory.

Back 41

Flashbulb Memory

Front 42

____ is the act of intentionally bringing explicit information to awareness.

Back 42

Recall

Front 43

The act of encoding an input and matching it to a stored representation is called ____.

Back 43

Recognition

Front 44

Stimuli that trigger or enhance remembering are called ____.

Back 44

Cues

Front 45

The _____ principle states that memory is better when people are given cues that were present during learning.

Back 45

Encoding Specificity Retrieval

Front 46

____ retrieval is memory that is better when we are in the same mood or psychological state as we were when the information was encoded.

Back 46

State Dependent Retrieval

Front 47

_____ is memory that improves over time without feedback, particularly with repeated attempts to recall.

Back 47

Hypermnesia

Front 48

An ongoing awareness of perceptual and other properties that distinguish real from imagined stimuli is called ____.

Back 48

Reality Monitoring

Front 49

_____ is a failure to process information well enough to begin consolidation.

Back 49

Encoding Failure

Front 50

____ is the fading away of memories with time because the relevant neural connections are lost.

Back 50

Decay

Front 51

The disruption of the ability to remember one piece of information because of the presence of other is called _____.

Back 51

Interference

Front 52

_____ is a loss of memory over an entire time span resulting from brain damage caused by accident, stroke, or infection.

Back 52

Amnesia

Front 53

Amnesia that disrupts previous memories is ____ amnesia.

Back 53

Retrograde Amnesia

Front 54

Amnesia that leaves consolidated memories intact but prevents new learning is _____ amnesia.

Back 54

Anterograde Amnesia

Front 55

Real memories that have been pushed out of consciousness because they are emotionally threatening are called _____ memories.

Back 55

Repressed Memories

Front 56

_____ are strategies that improve memory by using effective organization and integration.

Back 56

Mneumonic Devices