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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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abduction
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to move away from the midline of the body.
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acetylcholine (ACh)
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a chemical transmitter substance released by certain nerve endings.
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actin
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a contractile protein composing the thin filament
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action potential
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an electrical event occurring when a stimulus of sufficient intensity is applied to a neuron or muscle cell, allowing sodium ions to move into the cell and reverse the polarity.
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adduction
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to move towards the midline of the body.
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aerobic
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requiring oxygen to live or grow.
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aerobic respiration
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respiration in which oxygen is consumed and glucose is broken down entirely; water, carbon dioxide, and large amounts of ATP are the final products.
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antagonists
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muscles that act in opposition to an agonist or prime mover.
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aponeuroses
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fibrous or membranous sheet connecting a muscle and the part it moves.
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atrophy
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a reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or cell resulting from disease or lack of use.
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axon (nerve fiber)
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neuron process that carries impulses away from the nerve cell body; efferent process; the conducting portion of a nerve cell.
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cardiac muscle
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specialized muscle of the heart.
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circumduction
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circular movement of a body part.
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dorsiflexion
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up and down movement that includes lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin (standing on your heels).
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endomysium
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the thin connective tissue surrounding each muscle cell.
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epimysium
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the sheath of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a muscle.
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eversion
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special movement of the foot achieved by turning the sole laterally.
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extension
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movement that increases the angle of a joint, e.g., straightening a flexed knee.
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fascicle
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a bundle of nerve or muscle fibers bound together by connective tissue.
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fixators
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muscles acting to immobilize a joint or a bone; fixes the origin of a muscle so that muscle action can be exerted at the insertion.
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flaccid
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soft; flabby; relaxed.
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flexion
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bending; the movement that decreases the angle between bones.
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graded responses
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a response that varies directly with the strength of the stimulus.
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insertion
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the movable attachment of a muscle as opposed to its origin.
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inversion
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special movement of the foot achieved by turning the sole medially
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isometric contractions
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of the same length.
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isotonic contractions
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having a uniform tension; of the same tone.
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lactic acid
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the product of anaerobic metabolism, especially in muscle.
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motor unit
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a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it supplies.
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muscle fibers
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muscle cells.
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muscle tone
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sustained partial contraction of a muscle in response to stretch receptor inputs; keeps the muscle healthy and ready to react.
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muscle twitch
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a single rapid contraction of a muscle followed by relaxation.
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muscular dystrophy
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a progressive disorder marked by atrophy and stiffness of the muscles.
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myofibrils
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contractile organelles found in the cytoplasm of muscle cells.
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myofilaments
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filaments composing the myofibrils. Of two types: actin and myosin.
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myosin
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contractile protein composing the thick filament
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neuromuscular junctions
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the region where a motor neuron comes into close contact with a skeletal muscle cell.
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neurotransmitter
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chemical released by neurons that may, upon binding to receptors of neurons or effector cells, stimulate or inhibit them.
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opposition
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the action by which the thumb is used to touch the tips of the other fingers on the same hand. This unique action makes the human hand a fine tool for grasping and manipulating things.
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origin
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attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction.
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oxygen deficit
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the volume of oxygen required after exercise to oxidize the lactic acid formed during exercise.
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perimysium
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the connective tissue enveloping bundles of muscle fibers.
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pronation
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the inward rotation of the forearm causing the radius to cross diagonally over the ulna—palms face posteriorly.
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sarcomere
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the smallest contractile unit of muscle; extends from one Z disc to the next.
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skeletal muscle
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muscle composed of cylindrical multinucleate cells with obvious striations; the muscle(s) attached to the body’s skeleton; also called voluntary muscle.
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smooth muscle
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muscle consisting of spindle-shaped, unstriped (nonstriated) muscle cells; involuntary muscle.
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supination
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the outward rotation of the forearm causing palms to face anteriorly.
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synaptic cleft
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the fluid-filled space at a synapse between neurons.
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synergists
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muscles cooperating with another muscle or muscle group to produce a desired movement.
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tendons
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cord of dense fibrous tissue attaching a muscle to a bone.
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Frontalis action
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raises eyebrows
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Orbicularis oculi action
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closes eyes, squints, blinks, winks
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Orbicularis oris action
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closes mouth and protrudes the lips
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Buccinator action
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flattens the cheek, chews
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Zygomaticus action
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raises corners of the mouth
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Masseter action
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closes the jaw and elevates mandible
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Temporalis action
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synergist of the masseter, closes jaw
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Platysma action
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pulls the corners of the mouth inferiorly
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Sternocleidomastoid action
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flexes the neck, rotates the head
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Pectoralis major action
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adducts and flexes the humerus
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External intercostals action
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raise rib cage during inhalation
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Internal intercostals action
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depress the rib cage to move air out of the lungs when you exhale forcibly
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Rectus abdominis action
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flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal contents (defecation, childbirth, forced breathing)
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External oblique action
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flex vertebral column; rotate trunk and bend it laterally
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Internal oblique action
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flex vertebral column; rotate trunk and bend it laterally
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Transversus abdominis action
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compresses abdominal contents
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Trapezius action
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elevates, depresses, adducts, and stabilizes the scapula
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Latissimus dorsi action
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extends and adducts the humerus
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Erector spinae action
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back extension
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Quadratus lumborum action
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flexes the spine laterally
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Deltoid action
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arm abduction
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Biceps brachii action
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supinates forearm, flexes elbow
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Brachialis action
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elbow flexion
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Brachioradialis action
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weak muscle; elbow flexion
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Triceps brachii action
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elbow extension (antagonist to biceps brachii)
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Biceps brachii action
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supinates forearm, flexes elbow
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Brachialis action
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elbow flexion
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Brachioradialis action
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weak muscle; elbow flexion
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Triceps brachii action
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elbow extension (antagonist to biceps brachii)
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Gluteus maximus action
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hip extension
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Gluteus medius action
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hip abduction, steadies pelvis when walking
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Iliopsoas action
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hip flexion, keeps the upper body from falling backward when standing erect
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Gluteus maximus action
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hip extension
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Gluteus medius action
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hip abduction, steadies pelvis when walking
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Iliopsoas action
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hip flexion, keeps the upper body from falling backward when standing erect
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Sartorius action
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flexes the thigh
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Tibialis anterior action
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dorsiflexion, foot inversion
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Extensor digitorum longus action
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toe extension and dorsiflexion of the foot
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Fibularis muscles action
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plantar flexion, foot eversion
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Soleus action
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plantar flexion
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Tibialis anterior action
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dorsiflexion, foot inversion
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Extensor digitorum longus action
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toe extension and dorsiflexion of the foot
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Fibularis muscles action
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plantar flexion, foot eversion
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Soleus action
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plantar flexion
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all-or-none
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law a muscle cell will contract to its fullest extent when it is stimulated
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axon terminals
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branches of nerve fiber that forms junction with the sarcolemma of a muscle cell
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convergent
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muscle the fascicles converge toward a single insertion tendon. Such a muscle is triangular or fan-shaped
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creatine phosphate (CP)
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high-energy molecule found in muscle fibers but not other cell types, depletes quickly
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endurance exercise
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also called aerobic exercise, result in stronger, more flexible muscles with greater resistance to fatigue
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anaerobic glycolysis
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does not use oxygen and hence is anaerobic, produces lactic acid, quick process, but does not produce much energy
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fusiform muscle
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results in a spindle-shaped muscle with an expanded belly
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involuntary
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cannot consciously control it
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muscle fatigue
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a muscle is unable to contract even though it is still being stimulated
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plantar flexion
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depressing the foot (pointing the toes)
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Parallel muscle
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the length of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle
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pennate
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short fascicles attach obliquely to a central tendon
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prime mover
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the muscle that has the major responsibility for causing a particular movement
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sarcolemma
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plasma membrane of muscle cell
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cross bridge
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small projection, also called myosin head that links the thick and thin filaments together during contraction
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striated muscle
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muscle fiber with obvious stripes
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voluntary muscle
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muscle that can be consciously controlled
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hamstring group action
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flex knee and extend hip
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quadriceps group action
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extends the knee
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sliding filament theory
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process used by muscles to contract, a thin filament slides over a thick filament to generate tension in the muscle
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