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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Memory |
the ability to store and use information; also the store of what has been learned and remembered |
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Explicit Memory |
knowledge that consists of the conscious recall of facts and events; also known as declarative memory |
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Implicit Memory |
kind of memory made up of knowledge based on previous experience, such as skills we perform automatically once we have mastered them; resides outside conscious awareness |
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Three-Stage Model of Memory |
classification of memories based on duration as sensory, short-term and long-term |
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Sensory Memory |
the part of memory that holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time, usually about half a second or less |
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Short-Term Memory |
the part of memory that temporarily (for 2 to 30 seconds) stores a limited amount of information before it is either transferred to long-term storage or forgotten |
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Long-Term Memory |
the part of memory that has the capacity to store a vast amount of information for as little as 30 seconds and as long as a lifetime |
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Working Memory |
the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand |
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Chunking |
the process of breaking down a list of items to be remembered into smaller set of meaningful units |
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Rehearsal |
the process of repeatedly practising material so that it enters long-term memory |
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Serial Position Effect |
the tendency to have better recall for items in a list according to their position in the list |
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Procedural Memory |
kind of memory made up of implicit knowledge for almost any behaviour or physical skill we have learned |
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Priming |
a kind of implicit memory that arises when recall is improved by earlier exposure to the same or similar stimuli |
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Semantic Memory |
form of memory that recalls facts and general knowledge, such as what we learn in school |
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Episodic Memory |
form of memory that recalls experiences that we've had |
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Encoding |
the process by which the brain attends to, takes in, and integrates new information; the first stage of long-term memory formation |
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Automatic Processing |
encoding of information that occurs with little effort or conscious attention to the task |
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Effortful Processing |
encoding of information that occurs with careful attention and conscious effort |
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Levels of Processing |
the concept of information that occurs with careful attention and conscious effort |
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Mnemonic Device |
a method devise to help remember information, such as a rhyme or acronym |
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Dual Coding Theory |
theory proposing that visual and verbal information are processed by independent, non-competing systems |
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Consolidation |
the process of establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying a memory, the second stage of long-term memory formation |
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Storage |
the retention of memory over time; the third stage of long-term memory formation |
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Hierarchies |
a way of organizing related piece of information from the most specific feature they have in common to the most general |
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Schema |
mental framework that develop from our experiences with particular people, objects, or events |
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Retrieval |
the recovery of information stored in memory; the fourth stage of long-term memory |
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Flashbulb Memory |
a vivid memory for an emotional event of great significance |
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Interference |
disruption of memory because other information competes with the information we are trying to recall |
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Proactive Interference |
disruption of memory because previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information |
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Retroactive Interference |
disruption of memory because new experiences or information cause people to forget previously learned experiences or information |
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Forgetting |
the weakening or loss of memories over time |
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Transcience |
most common type of forgetfulness due to the fleeting nature of some memories |
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Forgetting Curve |
a graphic depiction of how recall steadily declines over time |
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Absent-Mindedness |
a form of forgetfulness that results from inattention |
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Blocking |
the inability to retrieve some information once it is stored |
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Repression |
a form of blocking, in which retrieval of memories that have been encoded and stored is actively inhibited |
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Misattribution |
belief that a memory came from one source when in fact it came from another |
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Consistency Bias |
selective recall of past events to fit our current beliefs |
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Persistence |
the repeated recall of pleasant or unpleasant experiences even when we actively try to forget them |
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Suggestibility |
problem with memory that occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comment, or suggestions by someone else or some other source |
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False Memories |
memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something |
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Recovered Memory |
a memory from a real event that was encoded, stored, but not retrieved for a long period of time until some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness |
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Amnesia |
memory loss due to brain injury or disease |
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Anterograde Amnesia |
the inability to remember events or experiences that occur after an injury or onset of a disease |
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Retrograde Amnesia |
the inability to recall events or experiences that happened before the onset of a disease or injury |
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Long-Term Potentiation |
strengthening of a synaptic connection that results when synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron |