Chapter 6 Mechanisms Of Disease

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Are the subjective abnormalities felt only be the patient

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Symptoms

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Is a collection of different signs and symptoms, usually with a coming cause that presents a distinct picture of a pathological condition.

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Syndrome

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The study of all factor involved in causing a disease is

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Etiology

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Are objective abnormalities that can be seen or measured by someone other than the patient

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Signs

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Diseases with undetermined causes are said to be

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Idiopathic

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The actual mechanism of a disease development is called

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Pathogenesis

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In infectious diseases the latent stage is also called

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Incubation

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Is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in humans

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Epidemiology

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A disease that is native to a local region is called

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Endemic

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When a disease spreads to many individuals at the same time within a defined geographic region is called

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Epidemic

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The two most obvious strategies for combating disease are

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Prevention and therapy

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Altered or mutated genes that can cause production of abnormal proteins

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Genetic mechanism

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Pathogenic organisms or particles that damage the body in some way.i

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Infectious mechanism

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Abnormal tissue growths or neoplasms that can cause a variety of physiological disturbances

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Neoplastic mechanism

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Phyand chemical agents such as toxic or destructive chemicals,extreme heat or cold ,mechanical injury,and radiation that can affect the normal homeostasis of the body.

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Tramatic mechanism

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Endocrine imbalances or malnutrition that cause insufficient or imbalanced intake of nutrients

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Metabolic mechanism

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Faulty response or over- reaction of the immune system that cause it to attack the body.

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Autoimmunity

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Common response of the body to disturbances. Is a normal mechanism that usually speeds up recovery from infection or injury

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Inflammation

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Breaking apart of tissues by means of many still unknown processes

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Degeneration

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Risk factors that make developing of disease more likely

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Genetic factors,age,lifestyle, stress,environmental factors, preexisting conditions

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Conditions caused by psychological factors are sometimes called

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Psychogenic

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Microscopic organisms that include bacteria fungi and protozoa are

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Microbes

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Are intracellular parasites that consist of a nucleic acid DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes a lipoprotein envelope

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Viruses

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Viruses are usually classified according to their

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Shape, DNA, or RNA content, and their method of multiplying

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Are pathogenic protein molecules that convert normal proteins of the body into abnormal proteins causing abnormalities of function

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Prion

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Is a tiny primitive cell without a nucleus. Produce disease in a variety of ways.

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Bacteria

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There are several ways to classify bacteria they are

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Growth requirements, staining properties, shape and size

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Large rod-shaped cells found singly or in groups

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Bacilli

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Large round bacteria found single in pairs in strings or in clusters

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Cocci

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Are arranged singly or in strands or large curved or spiral cells arranged singly or in cell colonies

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Curved or spiral rods

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Round or oval bacteria that are so small that some of them were once thought to be viruses

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Small bacteria

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Two types of small bacteria

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Rickettsia and chlamydia

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Some bacteria can develop into resistant dormant forms when subjected to adverse environmental conditions

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Spores

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Thrive in extremely harsh environments that are very hot, very acid, or very salty

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Archaea

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Are simple organisms that are similar to plants but without chlorophyll. Without chlorophyll cannot provide their own food

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Fungi

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Another name for fungal infections is

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Mycotic

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One celled organisms that are larger than bacteria and whose DNA is organized in a nucleus

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Protozoa

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Types of protozoa

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Amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, sporozoa

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Large cells of changing shape extend their membranes to form false feet that pull themselves along

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Amoebas

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Protozoa that move by means of many short hair like projection called Celia

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Ciliates

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Protozoa with unusual organelles after tips that allowed them to enter host also called coccidia

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Sporozoa

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Protozoa that are similar to amoeba's but moved by wiggling long whiplike extensions called flagella

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Flagellates

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Pathogenic animals are large multicellular organisms. Can cause disease by parasitizing humans are causing injury in some other way

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Metazoa

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Large parasites also called roundworms that infest a variety of different human tissues

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Nematodes

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Large parasites otherwise known as flatworms and flukes that can invest several different human organs

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Platyhelminths

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Group of parasites that include lise ticks lice and fleas

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Arthropods

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An organism that spreads disease to another organism is called a

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Vector

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Ways that pathogens can spread

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Person to person contact, environmental contact, opportunistic invasion, transmission by vector

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Or compounds produced by a certain living organisms or in a laboratory that kill or inhibit pathogens

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Antibiotics

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Is a prevented method that stimulates a person's own immune system in a way that promotes development of resistance to a particular pathogen

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Vaccine

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literally means new matter

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Neoplasm

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The type of tumor that forms a finger like projections as in a wart

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Papilloma

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a general term for benign tumors of glandular epithelium

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Adenoma

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A variety of small pigmented tumors of the skin such as moles

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Nevus

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A tumor arising from adipose tissue

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Lipoma

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A tumor that involves bone tissues

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Osteoma

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Tumors of cartilage tissue

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Chondroma

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A type of cancer that involves melanocytes the pigment producing sound of the skin

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Melanoma

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The general term for malignant tumors of glandular epithelium

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Adenocarcinoma

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A term used to describe a cancer of lymphatic tissue

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Lymphoma

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A term that refers to a malignant tumor of bone tissue

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Osteosarcoma

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A type of malignant bone marrow tumor

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Myeloma

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Malignant tumors that arise from connective tissues generally are called

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Sarcoma

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Malignant tumors that arise from epithelial tissues generally are called

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Carcinoma

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The production of too many cells

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Hyperplasia

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Abnormal undifferentiated tumor cells are often produced by a process called

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Anaplasia

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Types of causes of cancer

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Genetic factors, carcinogens, age, environment, viruses

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As tissue cells are damaged they release

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Inflammation mediators such as histamine, prostaglandins, and compounds called kinins

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The fluid that accumulates in inflamed tissue is called

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Inflammatory exudate

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The movement of white blood cells in response to chemical attractant it's called

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Chemotaxis