Chapter 6: Emotional Development & Attachment

Front 1

Emotions are:

Back 1

-Subjective Reactions
-Usually experience cognitively
-Communicated to others thru behavior

Front 2

Functions of emotions:

Back 2

-let others know how one feels
-helps develop emotional intelligence
-impacts on physical and mental health

Front 3

Perspectives on emotional development:

Back 3

-Genetic-maturational perspecive
-Learning Perspective
-Cognitive Perspective
-Functionalist Perspective

Front 4

Genetic-Maturaional Perspective

Back 4

-emotions have biological underpinnings
-individual differences in temperament
-identical can fraternal twin research

Front 5

Learning Perspective

Back 5

-individual emotional expressions result from individual experiences
-experiences elicit and reinforce responses
*Climbing up high ladder-> learn painful fall

Front 6

Cognitive Perspective

Back 6

-schemata are acquired by assimilation and accommodation
*ex. knowing only one kind of dog but then seeing/learning aanother

Front 7

Assimilation

Back 7

new experience but still fits into frame work

Front 8

Functionalist Perspective

Back 8

-emotions help in achieving goals and adapting one's environment
-emotions help establish and maintain social relationships
-emotional signals guide behaviors

Front 9

PRIMARY EMOTIONS:

Back 9

smiling and laughter
fear, anger and sadness

Front 10

SECONDARY EMOTIONS:

Back 10

pride and shame
guilt
jealousy

Front 11

RECIPROCITY:

Back 11

true social interactions involving mutual exchanges b/t partners.
-develops gradually

Front 12

ATTUNEMENT:

Back 12

caregives' adjustment of the stimulation they provide in response to signs from the infant
*understand child isn't going to want to be stimuli always

Front 13

Sensitive Care:

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a caregiving style in which the caregiver attends to the infant's needs and responds to them promptly and effectively
-attending to infant's needs

Front 14

Social Smiling:

Back 14

*newborns: acitivity in lower brain regions
*8-10 weeks: result of recognitory assimilation
*4-5 months: produce truly social smiles in repsone to ppl they KNOW

Front 15

Recognitory Assimilation:

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a form of visual mastery in which the infant recognizes a familiar stimulus and assimilates it to an established sheme

Front 16

Seond 6 Months:

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qualitative advances
-clearly differnentiated specific emotions emerge
-emotional responses become increasingly immediate
-all the classic facial expressions of emotion begin to appear regularly

Front 17

STRANGER DISTRESS:

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negative reactions of infants to strangers.
*varies b/c of babies temperment

Front 18

SYNCHRONY--child of a depressed mother:

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-child turns away, became distress (drooling)
-fewer words
-inappropriate emotions

Front 19

SOCIAL REFRENCING:

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-baby will look at caregiver to know how to repond
-nonverbal expressions
-becomes hard to engage in
="reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in an uncertain situaution

Front 20

Self-Conscious Emotions:

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-shame, guilt, embarassment, envy, pride
-helps children to acquire values of society

Front 21

REFLEX SMILE:

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smile seen in a newborn thta is usually spontaneous and appears to depend on some internal stimulus rather than on something external such as another person's behavior

Front 22

Socialization

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two-way process and temperaaments affect interactions
ex. manners

Front 23

ATTACHMENTS:

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-major development in the second 6 months
*an enduring two-way Swemotional tie b/t infant and caregiver

Front 24

Separation Distress:

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Negative Reactions of infants whenthe caregiver temporarily leaves

Front 25

Greeting Reactions:

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Postive Reactions of infants when the caregiver appears

Front 26

Secure-Base Behavior:

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Behavior in which the infant uses the caregiver as a base for exploration.

Front 27

STRANGE SITUATION:

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a testing scenario in which mother and child are separated and reunited several times; enables investigators to assess the nature and quality of a mother-infant attachment relationship

Front 28

SECURE ATTACHMENT:

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attachment displayed bybabies whoare secure enought to explore novel environments, who are minimally diturbed by brief separations from their mothers, and who are quickly comforted by their mothers when they return

Front 29

INSECURE ATTACHMENT:

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babies who seem not to be bothered by their mothers' brief absences but specifically avoid them on their return, sometimes becoming visibly upset

Front 30

ANXIOUS-RESISTANT ATTACHMENT:

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babies who tend to become very upset at the departure of their mothers and who exhibit inconsitent behavior on their return, sometimes seeking contact, sometimes pushing their mothers away.

Front 31

DISORGANIZED-DISORIENTED ATTACHMENT:

Back 31

babies who seem disorganized and disoriented when reunited with their mothers after a brief separation.
*associated with maltreatment or abuse

Front 32

BONDING

Back 32

ONE-WAY parent toward child
-parent's initial emotional tie to the newborn

Front 33

ANXIOUS-AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT:

Back 33

babies who seem not to be bothered by their parent's brief absences but specifically avoid them on their return, sometimes becoming visibly upset

Front 34

EMOTIONAL SCRIPT:

Back 34

a complex scheme that enables a child to identify the emotional reaction likely to accompany a particular sort of event

Front 35

EMOTIONAL DISPLAY RULES:

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tules that dictate whcih emotions one may appropriately display in particular situations
-difference b/t cultures

Front 36

SEPARATION PROTEST:

Back 36

an infant's distress reaction to being separated from his/her mother, which typically peaks at ~15 months
-"home sickness"

Front 37

SOCIAL REFERENCING:

Back 37

the process of "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in an uncertain situation.

Front 38

Early Technique that infants can use to Regulate or Cope their emotion:

Back 38

-signaling the caregiver
-moving near the caregiver

Front 39

Temperament:

Back 39

an individual infant's general style of behavior across contexts
*Characteristics: activity, adaptability, threshold, mood, distractibility, persistence of attention

Front 40

Match-Mismatch Hypothesis:

Back 40

-temperament to attachment:
characteristics of a particular infant may be at odds with those of a particular caregiver

Front 41

Psychoanalytic Theory of Attachment:

Back 41

Freud's theory that babies become attached first to the mother's breast and then tot the mother herself as a source of oral gratification

Front 42

Learning Theory of Attachment:

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the theory that infants become attached to their mothers b/c a mom provides food (Primary Reinforcer, and thus becomes a Secondary Reinforcer.
-Harlow & monkeys
-attachment is not automatic

Front 43

Cognitive Development Theory:

Back 43

the view that to form attachments infants must differentiate b/t mom and stranger and understand that people exist independent of the infant's interaction with them.

Front 44

Ethological Theory of Attachment:

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Bowlby's theory that attachment derives from the biological preparation of both infant and parents to respond to each other's behaviors in such a way that parents provide the infant with care and protection.

Front 45

IMPRINTING:

Back 45

the process by which birds and other infrahuman animals develop a preference for the person or object to which they are first exposed during a brief, critical period after birth.

Front 46

Internal Working Model:

Back 46

=attachment representation
-according to Bowlby, a person's mental representaion of himself as a child, his parents, and the nature of his interaction with his parents, as he reconstructs and interprets that interaction