Chapter 6-8 Body Structure And Function

Front 1

Cutaneous Membrane

Back 1

*****is the skin*****

*maintains homeostasis - stable internal environment

*protection

*regulates body temp

*contains sensory receptors

*excretes waste products-sweat glands

Front 2

Epidermis

Back 2

*contains stratified squamous epithelium

***NO BLOOD VESSELS

Front 3

Stratum Basale

Back 3

*deepest layer

*attached to basement membrane

*forms epidermal ridges - projects down into ridges

*where new cells are generated

Melanocytes: pigments that provide color

Front 4

Stratum Spinosum

Back 4

*Several layers thick

Front 5

Stratum Granulosum

Back 5

->By the time the epithelium cells reach this layer, they have stopped dividing.

Front 6

Stratum Lucidum

Back 6

->Located in only thick skin

(ex.) palms of hands and soles of feet

Front 7

Movement of cells from Basale to Corneum

Back 7

->It takes 2-4 weeks for cells to move from Stratum Basale to the Stratum Corneum. During this time, the cells loses its oxygen supply and becomes packed with keratin and finally dies. The dead cells remain in the Stratum Corneum for an additional 2 weeks before they are shed or washed away. (most superficial-dead skin)

Front 8

Keratin

Back 8

tough water protein

Front 9

Dermis

Back 9

->contains sensory receptors and blood vessels (cold to touch, hot to touch)

->2 layers

->Reticular Layer

*Superficial (towards the surface)

*Dense, irregular connective tissue

*Dermal papille: projection of the dermis into

the epidermis.

Front 10

Subcutaneous Layer

Back 10

->Loose connective tissue with many fat cells (adipose)

*Insulation keeps us warm

Front 11

Skin color

Back 11

->Pigment composition (2)

*CAROTENE: orange color pigment

*MELANIN: brown-yellow or black pigment

->produced by melanocytes which inject pigment into the epidermis

->increased activity with sunlight exposure

->melanin absorbs UV light to prevent damage to the DNA.

Front 12

What is the skin color when blood vessels are dilated and blood is highly oxygenated?

Back 12

Bright red, or pink - Erythrema

Front 13

What is the skin color when blood vessels are constricted and blood flow is decreased?

Back 13

pale/white or pallor

Front 14

What is the skin color when there is sustained reduction in blood supply?

Back 14

bluish---cyanosis

Front 15

Hair Follicles

Back 15

->where hair originates

**projects into the: dermis and contains the hair root.

->Hair is formed at the deepest portion where cells divide.

->Keratization occurs and a shaft is made which projects above the skin and is composed of dead, keratized cells.

***ARRECTOR PILI: muscle attaches and pulls on the hair follicle.

*****smooth muscle --involuntary****(Goosebumps - happens when you are cold, or scared.)

Front 16

4 Functions of Hair

Back 16

1.) protects scalp - UV light

2.) provides insulation head

3.) guards insulation ears, eyes, and nose

4.) helps to feel something and nerve fibers

Front 17

Sebaceous glands

Back 17

->also called holocrine glands

->discharge a waxy, oily secretion into the hair follicles

->secretion is called: Sebum (greasy feel)

Front 18

Sweat glands

Back 18

->also called exocrine glands

->Function: Perspiration (cools the body)

***2 types

->Apocrine

****Location: Axillary-Armpit, groin

->Merocrin

****Location: Forehead, palm, back, soles

Front 19

Regulation of Body Temperature

Back 19

->normal body temp - 98.6*

->Increased Body Temp: sweat glands activated, blood vessels dilated, bring temp back 98.6.

->Decreased Body Temp: Start shiver, generate heat, start to constrict to get temp to 98.6

Front 20

Redness

(inflammation)

Back 20

vasodilation, more blood in area.

Front 21

Heat

(inflammation)

Back 21

large amount of blood accumulating in area and as a by-product of increased metabolic activity in tissue.

Front 22

Swelling

(inflammation)

Back 22

increased premeability of blood vessels, fluids leaving blood go into tissue spaces (edema)

Front 23

Pain

(inflammation)

Back 23

injury to neurons and increased pressure from edema.

Front 24

Pressure Ulcers

Back 24

->if a person is a in a position for too long, blood flow can be blocked by the body weight

->without oxygen, cells die and tissue breaks down and a pressure ulcer can develop

->Prevention: changed position every 2 hours

Front 25

Functions of Skeletal System

Back 25

->Support

->Protection (lungs, heart, brain)

->Movement (muscles)

->Storage of Calcium and (homeopoesis)

*When calcium increases: move from blood to bone to be stored.

*When calcium decreases: move from bone to blood.

Front 26

Homeopoesis

Back 26

blood cell formation. where the RBC's are made in the bone marrow which is in the epiphyses

Front 27

Long Bone

Back 27

Length is greater than width

****Femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius, and Fibula.

Front 28

Short Bone

Back 28

Cube like, short

****Carpals, tarsals

Front 29

Flat

Back 29

Platelike structures

****Frontal, ilium, scapula

Front 30

irregular

Back 30

variety shapes and connected to others

****vertebrae

Front 31

Diaphysis

Back 31

->Shaft of the bone

*made of: compact bone

Front 32

Medullary Cavity

Back 32

->Hollow area inside the bone

*contains: yellow, bone marrow - stores fat

Front 33

Epiphyses

Back 33

->End of long bones

*made of spongy bone/cancellous

*contains red bone marrow in small spaces of

spongy bone (red bone cells produced)

*blood cells, RBC's, WBC's, and Platelets.

****Produces****RED BLOOD CELLS

Front 34

Articular <-(joining or connecting) Cartilage

Back 34

(two bones join with one)

->Thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphysis

->Function: absorb shock and protection; helps to protect joint underneath (rubber cushion)

Front 35

Periosteum (outside)

Back 35

->Strong fibrous membrane that covers the long bone.

*not at ends of long bone - (that's where muscles are attached too.)

Front 36

Endosteum (within)

Back 36

->Fibrous membrane that lines the medullary canal

Front 37

Spongy

Back 37

'porous' bone - holes

contains many spaces that are filled up with: RED BONE MARROW

Epiphysis

'Cancellous home'

Front 38

Compact Bone

Back 38

outer layer of bone

appears to be solid

****Diaphysis

Front 39

Osteon

Back 39

Cylindrical unit

calcified matrix arranged in layers - forms rings

Front 40

Central Canal

Back 40

located in the center of the osteon

Contains: blood vessels and nerves

Front 41

Osteocytes

Back 41

bone cells

Lacunae: Space that they occupy; very small bony chambers central canal

Front 42

Communication within the compact bone

Back 42

-> central canals communicate with each other through perforating canals

->osteocytes communicate with each other through canaliculi - (process that allows communication)

Front 43

Bone formation and growth

Back 43

->skeletal system appears in fetus during the 1st few weeks of prenatal development

->skeletal model is initially cartilage which is then replaced by bone

**Osteoblast: bone building cells

**Osteoclast: breakdown cells

->combines action of osteoblasts and oseoclasts sculpt bones into correct shape=remodeling.

Front 44

Endochondral Ossification

Back 44

->'formed cartilage'

->most bones go through this process

->start with cartilaginous model

->1*ossification center - Primary Ossification

*Diaphysis: first place where bone replaces

cartilage

->2*Ossification Center

*Epiphysis: second place where bone

replaces cartilage

*Epiphyseal plate: band of cartilage that

remains between the 2 ossification centers

Also called: Growth plate

Purpose: make them grow longer

Front 45

Fibrous Joint

Back 45

Between bones that are very close together

Movement? No movement

Example? Skull

Front 46

Cartilaginous Joint

Back 46

Bones connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage

Movement? Some/very little (child birth)

Example? pubic symphysis (child birth), between bones of disc, fibrocartilage, intervertebrae

Front 47

synovial Joint

Back 47

Most of the joints in the body

Movement? free movement

More complex

End of long bones are covered with hyaline cartilage and bones are held together by a joint capsule.

***decreased stability after time;

ex...hip, shoulder, knee

Front 48

Associated with Synovial Contents

Back 48

Bursa: Fluid filled sacs, - help protect reduce friction. ex...knee and shoulder

Menisci: fibro cartilage disc between two bones (to absorb shock) ex...knee

Front 49

Ball and Socket

(Types of Synovial Joints)

(there are 6, but we cover only 2)

Back 49

One bone fits into a concave socket of another bone

movement: alot of movement

sagittal, frontal,transverse all 3

ex. convex, concave

Front 50

Hinge

Back 50

resembles a door hinge

movement: not as much; flexion and extension

ex. elbow, knee

Front 51

Flexion

Back 51

bending of joint

Front 52

Extension

Back 52

increasing angel

Front 53

Dorsiflexion

Back 53

bring foot up

Front 54

Plantarflexion

Back 54

bring foot down

Front 55

hyperextension

Back 55

excessive extension of joint

Front 56

abduction

Back 56

moving a part away from midline

Front 57

adduction

Back 57

moving a part toward midline

Front 58

rotation

Back 58

around verticle access

Front 59

circumduction

Back 59

moving through a circular path

Front 60

pronation

Back 60

turning palm down

Front 61

supination

Back 61

turning palm up

Front 62

eversion

Back 62

turning foot out (laterlly)

Front 63

inversion

Back 63

turning foot in (medially)

Front 64

protraction

Back 64

moving part forward

Front 65

retraction

Back 65

moving part backward

Front 66

elevation

Back 66

moving part up (raising)

Front 67

depression

Back 67

moving part down (lowering)

Front 68

Structure of Skeletal Muscle

Back 68

Attached to bone via a tendon

Muscle-Fascicle-Muscle Fiber-Myofibril-Filaments

Front 69

Epimysium

(outer)

Back 69

Connective tissue that holds a muscle together and separates it from another muscle = fascia

Front 70

Perimysium (middle)

Back 70

Surrounds each fascicle

Front 71

Endomysium (within)

Back 71

Surrounds each muscle fiber (kind of like a cell membrane)

Front 72

Protein filaments ( in a muscle fiber)

Back 72

Actin: thin myofilaments

Myosin: Thick myofilaments

Actin and Myosin give skeletal muscle its stiated appearance.

Front 73

Sarcomere

Back 73

Basic contractile unit of skeletal muscle

I bands (light bands)

-> made of:Actin

->attached to: Z lines

A bands (dark bands)

-> made of: Actin and Myosin

-> contains: H Zone

H Zone: just has Myosin

Z Lines: ends of the Sarcomere

Front 74

SR and T-Tubules

Back 74

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: membranous channels that surround each muscle cell - parallel

Transverse Tubules: membranous channels that extend inward into each cell/perpendicular

Function of both: carry calcium and they initiate muscle contraction

Front 75

Neuromuscular Junction

Back 75

-connection between a muscle fiber and motor neuron - (goes to skeletal)

-also called the motor end plate

Front 76

neurotransmitters

Back 76

communicate with the cells they control by releasing chemicals

-they cross the synaptic cleft

-they send messages to the SR and T-Tubules which release calcium resulting in a muscle contraction

Front 77

synaptic cleft

Back 77

gap between neuron and motor end plate of muscle fiber

Front 78

Actin

Back 78

thin myofilaments

contains 2 specific proteins

**Troponin

**Tropomysin

Front 79

Myosin

Back 79

Thick myfilament

Contains cross bridges that extends toward the actin

Front 80

Sliding Filament Model

Back 80

*Calcium from SR binds to troponin on the Actin filament

*As calcium and troponin combine, a binding site on actin is expected

*cross bridges of myosin bind with actin

*cross bridges pulls actin towards the center of the sarcomere and the sarcomere shortens

******this process needs energy (ATP)

Front 81

Origin (proximal)

Back 81

immovable end of a muscle

- When a muscle contracts, the insertion is pulled towards the origin

Front 82

insertion (distal)

Back 82

movable end of a muscle

- When a muscle contracts, the insertion is pulled towards the origin.

Front 83

defining Agonist and Antagonist

Back 83

Agonist=Prime mover

Antagonist=Opposite of the prime mover and resists the prime mover's action

(ex.) elbow ext - triceps=agonists

biceps=antagonist

knee flex - hamstring=agonist

quadricep=anagonist

knee ext - quadricep=agonist

hamstring=antagonist

Front 84

hypertrophy

Back 84

enlargement of muscle

Front 85

atrophy

Back 85

decreased size of muscles

Front 86

slow fibers

Back 86

fatigue resistant

used during endurance activities

neck

Front 87

fast fibers

Back 87

fatigable

used from sprinting

short duration activites

Front 88

Epidermis

Back 88

Stratum Basale - basement membrane

Stratum Spinosum - several layers thick

Stratum Granulosum - stopped dividing

Stratum Lucidum - thick skin (palms hands/feet)

Stratum Corneum - top of surface/dead cells