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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
integumentary system is comprised of?
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epidermis & dermis
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skin
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four functions of integument
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1. Protection
2. Excretion 3. maintenance 4. vitamin D3 synthesis |
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Thick skin has 5th layer of epidermal cells and is located
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palms and balls of feet
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5 layer of epidermis
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1. Stratum
2. spinosum 3. Granulosum 4. lucidum 5. corneum |
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2 layers of dermis
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1. papillary layer
2. recticulary layer |
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what level must be damaged before a scar is created?
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dermis
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the turn over rate of epidermis
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21-24 days
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epidermal ridges
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extends into dermis in downward folds
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dermal papilla
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extend into epidermis in upward folds
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sensible perspiration
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loss by activity sweating
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insensible presiration
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loss without us seeing or feeling it
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xerosis
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excessively dry skin
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three things that create skin color
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1. carotene- orange yellow pigment
2. melanin- protects skin from harmful effects of sun 3. dermam circulation- RBC contains hemoglobin which transport oxygen |
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The A-B-C-D-E of malignancy classification
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A. (asymmetry)- irregular shape
B. (border)- irregular indistinct C. (color)- tan, brown, black, red, pink, white, blue D. (diameter)- >5mm considered dangerous E. (evolving)- the lesion is gradually changing |
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Vit. D3 is important to our health as it helps epidermal cells synthesize
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cholecalciferol ( vitamin D3)
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lines of cleavage (of tension)
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expresses the parallel arrangement of collagen and elastic fiber bundles of the arranged to resist forces applied to the skin during normal movement
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surgically significant
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incision go parallel to lines to less gap and reduce scar
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epidermis
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is a vascular and it gets nutrition and performs gas exchange by diffusion from blood supply that exists in the dermis
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5 types of skin sensation
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1. touch
2. position sense 3. pain 4. temperature 5. contact to hair |
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the composition of the epidermis is stratified squamous epithelium the dermis ( mostly dense irregular CT) and hypodermis ( mostly areolar and adipose CT)
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front if card only
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sebaceous
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holocrine (entire cell ruptures) glands associated with hair sebum lipid, oily, liquid secretion deposited into hair follicle
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2 types if sweat glands
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1. Apocrine sweat gland
2. merocrine (aka Eccrine) sweat gland 2-5 million with most on palms & soles 99% water + NaCl, etc |
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the 3 stages of integument healing
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1. inflammatory
2. proliferative 3. Remodeling |
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first degree burn
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only superficial epidermis involved (a sun burn)
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second degree burn
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entire epiermis +/- dermal involvement
- erytherna, blister, pain, swelling -secondary structures not harmed - heal In 1-2 weeks with possible scarring |
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third degree burn
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full thickness (all of epidermis and dermis)
-maybe even into subcutaneous -no pain as nerve destroyed -often need skin graft to cover defect - heal by scar |
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Rules of 9's quick way to estimate percentage of body burned
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9% - head
9% - each arm 18% - each leg 18% - anterior trunk 18% - back 1% - genitals if 80% of body is burned your survival rate is only 50% life threatening dangers 1. fluid & water loss 5X normal 2. Provide nutrients to meet increased metabolic needs |
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jaundice
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when the body unable to excrete bile yellow pigment accumulates in the body fluids and the skin takes on a yellowish tint
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vitiligo
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loss of metanocytes in certain regions of skin (light area) |
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rickets
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lack vitamin D harms bone formation/maintenances (poor diet or lack of sunlight)
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dermatits
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general term for inflammation of the papillary layer seen infection, mechanical or chemical insult
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turgor
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indicates the degree of skin hydration
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cerumen
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ear wax
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sepsis
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A whole body inflammation caused by an infection
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sebum
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lipid, oily, liquid secretion deposited into hair follicle
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actinic keratosis
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scaley areas of sun damage seen in the aged and pale - not cancer but sometime turn into cancertreatment-freeze, mild acids
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Basal cell carcinoma
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cancer starts in S.Germinativum
-good prognosis If removed before metastasis -95% of 5 year survival rate removed |
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squamous cell
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accursev I n sun exposed sites
-95% - 5 year surval rate after excision |
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malignant melanoma
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life threatening
- melancytes grow rapidly and metastasize through lymphatics -if extensive locally before spreading has 99% survival rate at 5years with extensive metastasis only 14% survival rate |
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suture
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between bone and skull
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synchondrosis
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between ribs and sternum when cartilage involved
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synovial joint
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surrounding by fibrous "articular cartilage" and the joint cavity is lined with a "synovial membrane
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synovial joint componetsy
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1. articular cartilage
2. synovial fluid 3. joint capsule 4. menicus 5. fat pad 6. ligament 7. tendon 8.brusae (bursitis) |
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the greater the range in joint the greater weakness and thus the greater likelihood for damage
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front of card only
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hinge
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permits angular motion in one plane like a door hinge
ex. elbow, knee, ankle interphalangeal joint |
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ball and sockey
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round bone fits into the cup of another bone allows circumduction an rotation
-ex. shoulder an hip joints |
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slipped disc
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when the posterior longitudinal ligament weakens the nucleus puplposus pushes part way into the vertebral cancal
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herniated disc
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when the nucleus pulposus both migrates and the annulus fibrosis rubtures; protrusion into vertebral canal occurs
in both cases there could be spinal nerve compression |
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knee joint
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A very complex hinge joint
- union of femur to tibia -rounded distal aspect of femur rolls on superior surface of tibia -allows flexion, limited extension and limited internal (when knew flexing) and external (when knee extending) rotation menisci- 2 in each joint; called medial and lateral meniscus Ligaments- 7 per knee |
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4 kinds of arthritis
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1. osteoarthritis (OA)- characterized by spurring around joints
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis- decreased joint space & eroded cartilage 3. Gouty Arthritis- clinical presentation and later bone erosion and tophi 4. Septic Arthritis- due to organism infecting |
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treatments for Arthritis
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1. Regular exercise
2. physical therapy 3. anti- inflammatory 4. more exotic drug ( gold, methyltrexate) 5. surgery to remove or replace joint |
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5 functions of bone
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1. support
2. storage 3. blood cell production 4. protection 5. leverage |
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the total number of bones in the body
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206
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6 classifications of bone
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1. long bones
2. flat bones 3. sutural bones 4. irregular bones 5. short bones 6. sesamoid bones |
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the name of the structures of long bone and what they mean
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1. diaphysis- the shaft
2. epiphysis- expanse at each end 3. metaphysis- area between the two above 4. compact bone (aka cortical) dense; found in the diaphysis and thinly around metaphysis 5. medullary cavity- center of long bone containing marrow 6. spongy bones (aka concellous or trabecular) between compact bone; primarily in eiphyis strength from struts of dense bone |
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Bone is like all connective tissue in that it is comprised if cells (osteocytes,etc), protein fibers (collagen), and a matrix (primarily calcium salts)
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front of card only
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4 types of cells and function in maintaining bone
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1. osteocytes- mature bone cells
- function is to maintain bone matrix and help in bone repair 2. osteoblast- makes new bones eventually will become osteocyte 3. osteoprogenitor cell- primitive cell that produce osteoblast / aid in bone repair 4. osteoclasts- breakdown bone - resemble macrophages in appearance |
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compact bone the parts of the Haversion (osteon) unit to include
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1. haversion canal
2. volkman canal 3. lacunea 4. canaliculi 5. lamellac |
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trabeculae
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bone struts that oppose stress (visible on radiographs) this bone reduces weight
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red bone marrow
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makes blood cells
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yellow bone marrow
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stores fat
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periosteum
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the lining of all compact bone except at the joint / contains nerves and blood vessels
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endosteum
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- the lining of the medillary cavity
actively involved in bone repair, growth & remodeling contains osteoblast, osteoprogenitor, and osteoclasts |
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enchonral
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bone replacing cartilage
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secondary growth center
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forms at either end of long bone, bone replacing
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appositional growth
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growth at outer surface of bones
- how bone gets wider - osteoblasts in periosteum create bone |
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primary growth center
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forms in center of original cartilage
bone replacing cartilage |
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3 point of blood supply to the bone
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1. nutrient arteries
2. metaphyseal vessels 3. periosteal vessels |
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bone Is well supplied with
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nerves and lympathaties
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remoldeling
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there is constant recycling and renewal of organic and mineral components of bone matrix
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turnover rate
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young adults turn over bone at 20% per year. some bone turns over faster than other bone. the spongy bone of the femoral head might turnover 2-3 time per year
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exercise
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bone is deposited in response to mechanical stress
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disue
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can result in loss off 33% of bone Mass
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bone is storage house for
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calcium and phosphate
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Vit. C, Vit. A, and Vit. D
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necessary for healthy bone
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calciriol
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synthesized in kidney from Vitamin D3
need for GI tract to absorb calcium and phosphate, deficiency results in rickets |
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estrogen and androgens
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at puberty these speed osteoblast activity to close epiphysis girl bone matures faster than boys as estrogen has greater effect than androgens
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growth hormone
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pituitary and thyroid glands involved stimulates bones growth until maturity
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calcitonin
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thyroid gland produces decreases calcium levels in body fluid by inhibit I ng osteocyte activity and increasing calcium loss at kidneys
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parathyroid hormone
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produced by parathyroid glands; increases calcium concentrations in body fluids by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium into blood stream
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bone maladies
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1. pituitary dwarfism
2. Giantism 3. Acromegaly 4. marfan syndrome 5. osteopenia 6. osteoporosis levels increase more than 30% - muscle in responsive decreases more than 35% -nerves to excited or death |
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Normal value of Ca+ plasma concentration
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8.5-10.5 mg/dl
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Fracture healing
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-the endosteum eventually forms an internal callus while periosteum forms and external callus
New bone heals fracture excessively and must be remodeled back to normal shape The main factors of fracture healing include sufficient blood supply, alignment of the bone fragments and stability of fragments to allow healing |
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