Chapter 5 - The Skeletal System

Front 1

2 divisions of the skeleton

Back 1

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Front 2

parts of the skeletal system (4)

Back 2

-bones

-joints

-cartilages

-ligaments

Front 3

functions of bones (5)

Back 3

-support the body

-protect soft organs

-attached skeletal muscles allow movement

-store minerals and fats

-blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)

Front 4

function of skull, vertebrae, rib cage

Back 4

-protect brain, spinal cord, thoracic cavity organs

Front 5

minerals stored in bones are

Back 5

calcium and phosphorus

Front 6

location of fat in the bones

Back 6

fat in the internal marrow cavity

Front 7

how many bones does the human body have

Back 7

206 bones

Front 8

two basic types of bone tissue

Back 8

-compact bone

-spongy bone

Front 9

compact bone description

Back 9

-dense, smooth, homogeneous

Front 10

spongy bone description

Back 10

-small needle-like pieces of bone, many open spaces

Front 11

classification of bones (4)

Back 11

-long

-short - relatively square

-flat

-irregular

Front 12

long bones description

Back 12

-longer than wide

-shaft with heads at both ends

-mostly compact bone

-all of the bones of the limbs

Front 13

short bones

Back 13

-generally cube-shaped

-mostly spongy bone

Front 14

examples of short bones

Back 14

-carpals

-tarsals

-patella

-sesamoid bones

Front 15

flat bones

Back 15

-thin, flattened, usually curved

-2 thin layers of compact bone - surround a layer of spongy bone

Front 16

examples of flat bones

Back 16

skull, ribs, sternum

Front 17

irregular bones examples

Back 17

-vertebrae

-hip bones

Front 18

diaphysis of long bone

Back 18

long skinny part of bone

-shaft

-compact bone to hold weight

Front 19

periosteum

Back 19

-fibrous connective tissue membrane

-outside covering of diaphysis

-perforating fibers secure periosteum to underlying bone

Front 20

epiphysis

Back 20

-ends of bones

-mostly spongy bone - enclosed by thin layer of compact bone

Front 21

articular cartilage

Back 21

-covers outer surface o/epiphysis

-made of hyaline cartilage

-decreases friction @ joint surfaces

Front 22

epiphyseal plate

Back 22

-flat plate of hyaline cartilage see in young, growing bone

causes lengthwise growth of a long bone

Front 23

epiphyseal line

Back 23

-remnant of the epiphyseal plate

-seen in adult bones

Front 24

marrow (medullary) cavity

Back 24

-cavity inside shaft

-has yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults

-has red marrow for blood cell formation in infants

Front 25

surface features of bone are

Back 25

-sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, ligaments

-passages for nerves and blood vessels

Front 26

categories of bone markings (2)

Back 26

-projections or processes

-depressions or cavities

Front 27

bone projections or processes

Back 27

-grow out from the bone surface

Front 28

depressions or cavities

Back 28

-indentations

Front 29

features of microscopic anatomy of compact bone (7)

Back 29

-osteocytes

-lacunae

-lamellae

-central (haversian) canal

-osteon (haversian system)

-canaliculi

-perforating (Volkmann's) canal

Front 30

osteocytes

Back 30

-situated within cavities known as lacunae

Front 31

lacunae

Back 31

-arranged in concentric rings called lamellae

Front 32

lamellae

Back 32

rings situated around the central haversian canal

Front 33

central haversian canal

Back 33

-opening in central of an osteon

-runs lengthwise through bone

-carries blood vessels and nerves

Front 34

osteon (haversian system)

Back 34

-unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings

Front 35

canalculi

Back 35

-tiny canals

-radiate from central canal to lacunae

-forms transport system connecting all bone cells to nutrient supply

Front 36

perforating (Volkmann's) canal

Back 36

-canal perpendicular to central canal

-carries blood vessels & nerves

Front 37

function of organic parts of matrix

Back 37

makes bone flexible

Front 38

what makes bone hard

Back 38

calcium salts deposited in the bone matrix

Front 39

ossification

Back 39

-process of bone formation

-happens @hyaline cartilage models/fibrous membrane

Front 40

2 majors phases of ossification in long bones

Back 40

-osteoblasts

-enclosed cartilage is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity

Front 41

osteoblasts

Back 41

-bone-forming cells

-cover hyaline cartilage model

Front 42

two places that are still cartilage In long bones by birth

Back 42

-articular cartilages

-epiphyseal plates

Front 43

bone formation and growth

Back 43

-cartilage formed continuously on external face of articular cartilages/epiphyseal plates

-old cartilage broken down & replaced by bony matrix

Front 44

appositional growth definition

Back 44

growth in diameter

Front 45

bone growth in length and width controlled by

Back 45

hormones such as growth hormone

Front 46

epiphyseal plate converted to

Back 46

bone during adolescence

Front 47

bones remodel in response to 2 factors

Back 47

-blood calcium levels

-pull of gravity & muscles on skeleton

Front 48

when is parathyroid hormone released?

Back 48

when blood calcium levels are low

Front 49

what does the parathyroid hormone do?

Back 49

activates osteoclasts

Front 50

hypercalccemia prompts

Back 50

calcium storage to bones

Front 51

bone remodeling helps

Back 51

-keep normal proportions/strength

Front 52

what happens to bones if muscles pull on them?

Back 52

bones become thicker/ form larger projections

Front 53

how can one get bone atrophy?

Back 53

-lack of exercise

-bedridden

-astronauts

Front 54

rickets

Back 54

-disease in children whose bones don't calcify

Front 55

rickets is caused by

Back 55

lack of calcium and or vitamin D

Front 56

result of rickets

Back 56

legs bowing

Front 57

bone fracture types (2)

Back 57

-closed/simple fracture

-open/compound facture

Front 58

closed/simple fracture

Back 58

-bone breaks cleanly - no skin penetration

Front 59

open/compound fracture

Back 59

-broken bone ends penetrate

Front 60

reduction fracture treatment

Back 60

realignment of broken bone ends

Front 61

closed reduction fracture treatment

Back 61

bone ends coaxed back to position by physicians hand

Front 62

open reductions

Back 62

surgery performed and bone ends secured by pins and wires

Front 63

why do older peoples bones take longer to heal?

Back 63

they have poorer circulation

Front 64

4 major events of bone fracture repair

Back 64

-hematoma forms

-fibrocartilage callus forms

-bony callus forms

-bone remodeling process occurs

Front 65

what causes the bony callus to form?

Back 65

more osteoblasts & osteoclasts migrate into area made of spongy bone

Front 66

what happens when hematoma forms

Back 66

blood vessels rupture when bone breaks - blood cells deprived of nutrition die

Front 67

what happens when fibrocartilage forms?

Back 67

growth of new capillaries

Front 68

comminuted fracture

Back 68

bone breaks in many fragments

Front 69

compression fracture

Back 69

bone is crushed

Front 70

depressed fractures

Back 70

broken bone portion is pressed inward

Front 71

impacted fracture

Back 71

broken bone ends are forced into each other

Front 72

spiral fracture

Back 72

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

Front 73

greenstick fracture

Back 73

bone breaks incompletely

Front 74

the axial skeleton is

Back 74

-longitudinal axis of body

Front 75

3 parts of axial skeleton

Back 75

-skull

-vertebral column

-bony thorax

Front 76

skull 2 sets of bones

Back 76

-cranium

-facial bones

Front 77

facial bones functions

Back 77

-hold eyes in anterior position

-allow facial muscles to express feelings

Front 78

how are bones joined?

Back 78

sutures

Front 79

what are sutures

Back 79

interlocking immovable joints

Front 80

only bone attached by freely movable joint?

Back 80

mandible

Front 81

8 cranial bones protect brain

Back 81

-frontal

-occipital

-ethmoid

-sphenoid

-parietal bones (pair)

-temporal bones (pair)

Front 82

14 facial bones (all paired except 2)

Back 82

-maxillae

-zygomatics

-palatines

-nasals

-lacrimals

-inferior nasal conchae

-mandible

-vomer

Front 83

paranasal sinuses

Back 83

hollow portions o/bones surrounding nasal cavity

Front 84

functions of paranasal sinuses

Back 84

-lighten the skull

-amplify sounds made as we speak

Front 85

4 sinuses

Back 85

-frontal

-ethmoid

-sphenoidal

-maxillary

Front 86

hyoid bone

Back 86

-serves as moveable base for tongue

-aids in swallowing and speech

Front 87

fetal skull

Back 87

-large compared to infant's body

-1/4 body length compared to adult skull

Front 88

fontaneis in fetal skull

Back 88

fibrous membranes connecting cranial bones

Front 89

fontaneis functions

Back 89

-allow skull compression during birth

-let brain grow during later pregnancy & infancy

-convert to bone within 24 months

Front 90

vertebral column function

Back 90

provides axial support

Front 91

# of vertebral in spinal cord

Back 91

26

Front 92

what are the vertebral separated by?

Back 92

intervertebral discs

Front 93

# of cervical vertebrae (in the neck)

Back 93

7

Front 94

# of thoracic vertebrae (in chest)

Back 94

12

Front 95

# of lumbar vertebrae (in lower back)

Back 95

5

Front 96

how is the sacrum formed?

Back 96

by the fusion of the 5 vertebrae

Front 97

how is the coccyx (tailbone) formed?

Back 97

by the fusion of 3 to 5 vertebrae

Front 98

intervertebral discs

Back 98

pads of flexible fibrocartilage

Front 99

function of intervertebral discs

Back 99

cushion & absorb shocks while allowing flexible fibrocartilage

Front 100

why do discs become harder with age

Back 100

we lose water supply there

Front 101

herniated discs "slipped disc" caused by

Back 101

-drying out and weaker ligaments

-disc presses on spinal cord/nerves

-numbness and excruciating pain

Front 102

primary curvatures

Back 102

-spinal curvatures o/thoracic & sacral regions

-form c-shaped curvatures in newborns

Front 103

secondary curvatures

Back 103

-spinal curvatures of cervical & lumbar regions

-develop after birth

-form s-shaped curvature as in adults

Front 104

parts of a typical vertebrae (6)

-

Back 104

-body (centrum)

-vertebral arch

-vertebral foramen

-transverse processes

-spinous process

-superior & inferior articular processes

Front 105

vertebral arch parts (2)

Back 105

-pedicle

-lamina

Front 106

the bony thorax function

Back 106

forms cage to protect major organs (thoracic cage)

Front 107

the bony thorax consists of 3 parts

Back 107

-sternum

-ribs

-thoracic vertebrae

Front 108

true ribs #

Back 108

1-7

Front 109

false ribs #

Back 109

8-12

Front 110

floating ribs #

Back 110

11-12

Front 111

female pelvis different from males for 6 reasons

Back 111

-inlet larger/ more circular

-pelvis shallower -thinner bones

-Ilia flare more laterally

-sacrum shorter/less curved

-ischial spine shorter - outlet larger

-pubis arch more round - angle greater

Front 112

femur - thigh bone

Back 112

heaviest/strongest bone in body

Front 113

femur parts (2)

Back 113

-proximal end articulation

-distal end articulation

Front 114

proximal end articulation function

Back 114

head articulates w/ acetabulum

Front 115

distal end articulation

Back 115

-lateral & medial condyles articulate w/ the tibia

Front 116

lower leg has 2 bones

Back 116

-tibia (shinbone)

-fibula

Front 117

tibia

Back 117

-shinbone

-larger & medially oriented

-medial/lateral condyles from knee joint

-proximal end articulation

Front 118

fibula

Back 118

-thin & sticklike

-lateral to the tibia

-no role in forming knee joint

Front 119

how are the tibia & fibula held together?

Back 119

with a flexible membrane

Front 120

foot function

Back 120

-body support & lever

Front 121

# of tarsal bones

Back 121

7

Front 122

2 largest tarsals

Back 122

-calcaneus (heel bone)

-talus

Front 123

5 bones form the sole of the foot

Back 123

metatarsals

Front 124

# of bones in phalanges

Back 124

14 form toes