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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sociologists use the term _____________-- to refer to patterns of relationships that endure from one generation to another. |
social structure |
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what is the sociological term for the socially defined positions that are characterized by certain rights, expectations and duties? |
Social Status |
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A/An ___________________ is a social position that is given or assigned, ussually at birth. |
Ascribed Status |
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The status of being a prime minister is an? |
acheived status |
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Cooley refered to groups that are small, intimate, and enduring as: |
primary groups |
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_________________ is/are the socially defined behaiviours appropriate for a certain status. |
Role expectations |
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Which of the following is involved when a surgeon chooses not to operate on her own son because the personal involvement of motherhood could impair her professional objectivity as a physician? |
Role conflict |
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Which of the following is involved when a plant foreman wants to be a good friend and confidant to the workers but must remain distant to rate the workers' performance? |
role strain |
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which of the following is the term for structures that provide for patterned relationships and that are organized around a central activity or social need? |
Social institutions |
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the type of community bonding typically exhibited by traditional societies, in which people share beliefs and values and perform common activities, is called _________________ solidarity. |
mechanical |
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_______________ leaders tend to downplay their position and power, allowing the group to function more or less on its own. |
Laissez-Faire |
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When a person studies the way members of the local country club act, imitates them, and judges his/her behaiviour in comparison to theirs, the country club may be described as a/an: |
Reference Group |
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true or false? social structure provides the blueprint for the ways people behave, while culture provides the interactive setting in which the social structure is acted out. |
true |
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what is the sociological term for a social group with two members? |
a Dyad |
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What is the sociological term for the tendency of cohesive groups to make poor decisions because the members are unwilling to threaten the group's solidarity? |
Groupthink |
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What four types of leadership style? |
- Democratic - Autocratic - Bureaucratic - Laissez-Faire |
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A large secondary group that is specifically designed to accomplish specific tasks by means of an elaborate internal division of labour is referred to as: |
A formal organization |
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The sociological concept that refers to the individual and collective resources available to a person is called: |
Social Capital |
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According to Max Weber, the way in which bureaucracies can make workers feel trapped and essentially turn them into task-focused robots is the concept of the ___________________. |
Iron Cage. |
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Acc. to Georg Simmad, which group size is the weakest? |
triad |
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Because of the increasing fluidity of China's social systems, people are able to change their ____________. |
Social Class |
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According to the functionalists, every society needs to have some common thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes. This means that a society needs: |
unity and purpose??? |
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Groups created for certain purposes and built for maximum efficiency are called: |
formal organizations |
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Public distance is the distance most often used between close friends. |
False |
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What are the different types of distance we give other members of society? |
Intimate, Personal, Social, Public |
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____________________ refers to the ranking of people and the rewards they receive, based on social factors, often including wealth, power, and/or prestige. |
Social Stratification |
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_____________ is a stratification system in which one person has complete control over another. |
slavery |
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> What are the 3 forms of modern day slavery? > And which is considered the closest to the old form of slavery? |
> Debt bondage, contract slavery, and chattel. > Chattel slavery is considered to be closest to the old form, because the slaves are considered property. |
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_________________ is a form of slavery in which someone borrow money and agrees to work for the lender to pay off the debt due to their wages being insufficient to pay either the expenses or original debt |
debt bondage |
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________________ is a form of slavery in which a person signs a work contract, receiving food and shelter from an employer, but is threatened when he or she tries to leave the contract |
contract slavery |
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A caste system is: |
social stratification based on ascription |
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which theorist believed that workers willing to participate in their own exploitation because they have a false consciousness? |
Karl Marx |
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________________ are the wealthy members of society, according to Weber. |
Rentiers |
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What defines Weber's Rentier class? a > new money b > old money c > bureaucrats |
b > old money |
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What defines the term old money? |
> land > business (things that are passed down generations) |
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In Weber's categories of labourers, the unorganized group, who frequently perform manual labour jobs that are unpleasant and often dangerous are known as _________________ |
unskilled workers |
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_____________ refers to the ranking of countries that highlights social and economic inequality throughout the world. |
Global Stratification |
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The process by which powerful nations use loans and economic power to maintain control over poor nations known as: |
neocolonialism |
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Globalization is a complex process by which the world and its international economy are becoming more and more intertwined |
true |
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True or false? brain drain occurs when low level workers leave poor countries and thereby create an even greater advantage to wealthy countries |
False |
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_______________ refers to the best talent leaving poor countries, thereby providing wealthy countries with a greater advantage |
brain drain |
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which of the following is the name for the most commonly used measure of income equality? a) gigi index b) human development index c) absolute pverty d) gini index |
Gini Index |
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Poverty so severe that one lacks the resources to survive |
absolute poverty |
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How many stages are in Rostow's modernization theory? |
5 |
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According to Wallerstein, __________ are at the center of the world systems "universe", and affect all surrounding nations |
Core nations |
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According to Weber, the Protestant ethic equates worldly success with what? |
Religious Salvation |
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feeling deprived because you can't afford a new tablet like the one your friend just bought is an example of: |
relative poverty |
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what is the term Max Weber coined to refer to small business owners, who share similar power to that of entrepreneurs, but lack the same wealth and prestige? |
petite bourgeoisie |
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what is Human Development Index? |
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what is the difference between craftspeople, semi skilled workers and unskilled workers? |
|
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what is relative poverty? |
|
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What are the different types of nation in Wallersteins world system theory? |
core nations = always expanding to take advantage of the resources of periphery nations periphery nations = use some of its resources to build its own economy while using these resources to sell to core nations external nations = underdeveloped and have little interaction with others in the system |
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What is included in the measure of Quality of Life? |
- necessities (access to clean water, etc) - ratio of mortality (children and on) - access to non-necessities (tv, phones, etc) |
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How does the human development index compare to the gross national income per capita? |
HDI uses indicators such as life expectancy, educational attainment, and income, whereas GNI per C is a measure of the value of goods and services produced by a country |
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How much of its GNP did Canada donate to foreign aid in 2009? |
0.3 % (4.5 billion $) (only 5 countries exceeded the 0.7 percent target = Denmark, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden) |
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True or False? The widest gaps of social inequality are found within nations. |
FALSE The widest gaps of social inequality are found between nations |
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-------------------------------ch 7--------------------------------- |
----------------------------ch7------------------------------------ |
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_______________________ is John Porter's analysis of social class in Canada. The meaning of this term encompasses the features of class and stratification in Canadian society. |
Vertical Mosaic |
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Money received through work or through investments is called: |
Income |
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True or False? people of the middle class have at least a highschool diploma, and many have technical training or college credits. |
true |
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What are 3 commonalities among the working class? |
- have limited opportunity for job improvement - is generally made up of people with highschool diplomas and lower levels of education - often hold jobs involving manual labour and clerical skills |
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_______________ is the ability to change social classes |
social mobility |
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__________________ is a temporary state of poverty that occurs when someone loses a job for a short time |
transitional poverty |
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The never ending cycle of poverty that is chronic and multigenerational is called: |
residual poverty |
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_____________ refers to the level of self esteem associated with one's status and social standing |
prestige |
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What term defines low income Canadians as those living in families with an after-tax income lower than 50 percent of the median income for all Canadian families? |
Low income measure |
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Ottawa's Ashbury College provides its students with unique opportunities. Its high tuition offers low classroom sizes, exceptional acceptance rates into top Canadian Universities, and social readiness for high level careers. Ashbury students are being groomed for ________________ within our society. |
power and prestige |
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_____________________ is a social class very small in number and which holds significant wealth. |
upper or elite class |
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Which social class consists of high income members of society who are well educated but do not belong to the elite membership of the super wealthy? |
Upper middle class |
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True or False? Upper class is a social class that consists of those who have moderate incomes. |
False |
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_________________ is the ability to carry out your will and impose it on others |
power |
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The ______________ is a social class characterized by homelessness or substandard housing, minimal education, social isolation, and a lack of conventional role models. |
underclass |
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true or false horizontal mobility refers to moving within the same status category |
True |
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True or False? Sidney Crosby is an exapmle of exchange mobility |
True |
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True or False? Intra-generational mobility occurs when an individual changes social standing, especially in the workforce. |
True |
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_______________ occurs when social changes affect large numbers of people. |
Structural Mobility |
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True or False? The meritocracy argument states that those who get ahead do so based on public assistance. |
False (it states that they do so based on their own effort) |
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LICO is a measure of _______________ |
Relative poverty |
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3 factors that influence poverty: |
depth, breadth and duration |
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small group of people who hold immense power |
power elite |
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In 2009 3.8 percent of Canadian households held $1.78 trillion of financial wealth = what percentage of total wealth? |
67% of total wealth |
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Melvin Tumin believes that social inequality is rooted in a system that is more likely to reward you based on _________________. |
Where you start |
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true or false? students from working class backgrounds are more likely to talk about social stratification than are middle-upper class students. |
True perception of social stratification comes from the "have nots" instead of the "haves" |
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true or false? The report titled "In from the Margins" is a reflection of the Functionalist perspective on poverty. |
True (i think) |
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-------------------------Ch 8------------------------------------- |
-------------------------------ch 8--------------------------------- |
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________________ is the study of population size and composition |
demography |
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________________ refers to the number of children that a woman would have over the course of her reproductive life. |
Total Fertility Rate |
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____________ is the number of births for every 1000 people each year |
Crude birth rate |
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_________________ is the fertility rate (2 per woman) that must be maintained to replace the population in absence of birth control |
Generational Replacement Level |
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_______________ is the number of deaths that occur in a population |
mortality rate |
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_______________ is the number of deaths for every 1000 people each year |
crude death rate |
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________________ is the number of deaths in a particular age group during a given year |
age specific death rate |
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__________________ is the number of deaths of children less than 1 year of age per 1000 live births in the same year |
infant mortality rate |
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What IS CONSIDERED A KEY INDICATOR OF A POPULATION’S HEALTH STATUS? |
Life expectancy |
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__________ IS THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE FROM ONE AREA TO ANOTHER. |
Migration |
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PUSH-PULL, OR NEO-CLASSICAL, MIGRATION THEORY SUGGESTS THAT MIGRATION DEPENDS ON: |
the supply and demand for labour, both in the sending and in the receiving areas. |
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THE RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE OF A POPULATION IS CALCULATED BY SUBTRACTING THE CRUDE DEATH RATE FROM THE: |
crude birth rate |
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WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS FOR THE DROPS IN FERTILITY RATES AMONG JAPANESE WOMEN BETWEEN 1947 AND 1957, AND FROM THE MID-1970S TO EARLY 1990S? |
> Women became more focused on education and career, and therefore married and had children later in life, making it less likely they would have multiple children. >> World War II altered both the political and economic cultures in Japan. >>> As education and wealth levels increased, fertility rates decreased. |
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DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY SUGGESTS THAT PEOPLE CONTROL THEIR __________ AS SOCIETIES MOVE FROM AGRARIAN TO INDUSTRIAL. |
fertility |
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WHAT BRANCH OF SOCIOLOGY IS CONCERNED WITH THE RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIETIES AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTS? |
Environmental Sociology |
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WHICH POPULATION PROJECTION SUGGESTS THE POPULATION WILL EXCEED THE AVAILABLE FOOD SUPPLY BECAUSE POPULATIONS GROW AT GEOMETRIC RATES, WHILE FOOD SUPPLIES GROW AT ARITHMETIC RATES? |
Malthusian Theory |
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true or false? EMIGRATION IS THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE INTO AN AREA. |
False (= from an area) |
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HUMAN ECOLOGY RECOGNIZES THAT THERE IS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN: |
People and their physical environments |
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__________ IS A PERSPECTIVE BASED ON THE BELIEF THAT WE ARE ONE SPECIES AMONG MANY, THAT OUR ROLES AND ACTIVITIES ARE NO MORE IMPORTANT THAN ANY OTHER SPECIES', AND THAT OUR PRIMARY CONCERN SHOULD BE ECOLOGICAL VIABILITY AND PRESERVATION RATHER THAN ECONOMIC GROWTH. |
Deep Ecology |
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IN GENERAL, BIRTH RATES ARE __________ CONNECTED TO A WOMAN'S INCOME AND LEVEL OF EDUCATION; WOMEN WITH HIGHER LEVELS OF EDUCATION TEND TO HAVE LOWER BIRTH RATES, WHILE LESS-EDUCATED WOMEN TEND TO HAVE HIGHER BIRTH RATES. |
Inversely |
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__________ THEORY IS A MERGING OF ECOLOGICAL AND FEMINIST THOUGHT that focuses on the common experiences of women and nature |
Ecofeminist |
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RESOURCE MANAGEMENT INCLUDES NEGOTIATING AND REGULATING WHAT? |
The extraction of resources and the disposal of hazardous waste. |
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True or False? DOUBLING TIME REFERS TO THE NUMBER OF YEARS IT TAKES FOR A POPULATION TO DOUBLE. |
True |
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WHAT IS THE TERM FOR A POPULATION'S IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT? |
Environmental Footprint |
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DEEP ECOLOGY IS A CRITIQUE OF __________, WHICH IS THE BELIEF THAT HUMANS ARE THE MOST SIGNIFICANT SPECIES IN NATURE. |
Anthropocentric Bias |
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IN 1979, CHINA IMPLEMENTED WHAT HAS BEEN CALLED THE "ONE-CHILD" POLICY. WHAT LED THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT TO INSTITUTE THIS POLICY? |
Population Projections that foreshadowed many problems |
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sustainable development |
is based on the premise that economic development and environmental protection are compatible goals |
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Resource Management |
is an approach to environmental issues that recognizes the interdependence of humans and the natural environment and is concerned about the impact that humans have on their natural environment but in a limited way. |
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Which ecological model is most associated with the conflict perspective? |
Resource Management model |
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Canada's population at the start of 2013 was: |
a bit over 35 million (less than 0.5% of the world population) |
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What is the ideal fertility level? |
2.1 |