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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Wilhelm Wundt |
One of the founding fathers of psych First modern psychology lab |
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Explaining behavior (Wundt) |
Sum of three structures or components -Perceptions, ideas, emotions -Need to get to the basic components |
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Introspection |
The state of being which is to be the matter of psychology... can become an object of immediate knowledge only through introspection of self-awareness |
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Introspection (Definition) |
"Looking within" Describe mental processes through self-report |
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Introspection problems |
Introspection is biased -How can accuracy be measured? -too subjective |
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John B. Watson and Behaviorism |
Useless to study mental processes Behaviors are more important -Can be observed and measured -More objective |
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Habituation |
Result of repeated exposure -Repetition = familiarity -Weakens response Simplest form of learning -All animals will habituate |
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Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
A response that doesn't have to be trained; innate -Dog salivating for food |
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Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
Something that sets off an untrained or innate response -Food |
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
Neutral Stimulus that doesn't produce the innate response -Metronome, footsteps, etc. |
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Conditioned Response (CR) |
The response you want to produce caused be the Conditioned Stimulus |
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Little Albert |
Caused child to fear all fluffy animals, anything fluffy, and animal like things -Affects entire life after childhood |
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Application of Classical Conditioning |
Marketing and advertising -Apply classical conditioning to get you to buy |
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B.F. Skinner - Operant Conditioning |
Behavior result of rewards and punishment Associate a response w/its consequence -Repeat or avoid behavior -Depends on consequence -Law of effect |
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Cognitive Learning (Edward Tolman) |
-Learning developed from bits of knowledge and cognitions about environment and how organism relates to it -Different than strict stimulus - response idea -Rats in maze did not always behave as predicted |
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Social Learning (Albert Bandura) |
-The learning of voluntary, goal - directed behavior through observation and imitation of others -Requires some cognitive processes and interaction of the person w/the environment of influence behavior |
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Is social interaction necessary? (Terry-cloth mother experiment) |
Baby monkey went to cloth-mother of wire mother -Even when wire mother had food, would always return to cloth |
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Social Learning (Definition) |
Process of altering behavior by observing and (possibly) imitating the behavior of others |
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Observational Learning (Bandura) |
set stage for social cognition theory Two primary modes of learning -Modeling -Imitation |
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Modeling |
Follow the leader: the behavior of others increases the chances that we will do the same thing -clapping, looking out the window, etc Vicarious reinforcement - other get rewarded, so you copy behavior |
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Observational Learning (Definition) |
Watch someone else perform a behavior, then be able to perform the behavior yourself |
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Mirror Neurons |
Fire both when performing actions and when observing another doing so |
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Social Cognitive Theory |
Assumptions for learning -Humans are the product of their learning -Have a capacity for symbolism (Language) -Humans influenced by 3 factors -Environment, behavior, personality |
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Social Cognition |
Bandura developed the concept of reciprocal determinism to account for human behavior |
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Environments (Bandura) |
Imposed, Selected, Created |
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Imposed (Environments) |
Thrust on individual -Interpretation -Reaction |
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Selected (Environments) |
What you select from environment to experience -Musical world -Sports World |
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Created (Environments) |
Constructed through behavior -Like soccer, so join the soccer team, environment surrounds players |
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Social Learning Theory (Bandura) |
Human being have specific abilities and that only reciprocal determinism can explain their operations and interaction: -Model and imitate -Self-reflect -Regular own behavior |
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Self-Reflection |
Expressed in the concept of self-efficacy |
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Self-Efficacy |
The believe in one's capabilities to organize and execute the sources of action required to manage perspective situations |
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Self-Efficacy impacts: |
-Choices we make -Effort we put forth -How long we persist when we confront obstacles -How we feel about ourselves, others, the task Influenced by: mastery and vicarious exp, psych states, social persuasions |
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Self-Regulation |
Has several subfunctions -Goal-setting -Self-observation and monitoring -Performance judgeent and eval -Self-reaction e.g., self-satisfaction/worth/distress |
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Cognitive processes |
Needed in order for learning to occur -Attention -Retention -Reproduction -Motivation |
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Attention |
notices something in the environment |
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Retention |
remembers what was noticed |
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Reproduction |
produces an action that is a copy of what was noticed |
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Motivation |
Consequence changes the probability the behavior will be emitted again |
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Doll experiment |
Children exposed to adults displaying aggression towards doll -Children did the same, even with toys around them |
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Application of social Learning |
Bad news - antisocial models may have antisocial effects on children Good news- prosocial models can have prosocial effects Social learning plays a large role -Parents are extremely powerful models |
