Chapter 5-Digestive System Vocabulary

Front 1

absorption

Back 1

Passage of materials through the walls of the intestine into the bloodstream.

Front 2

amino acids

Back 2

Building blocks of protein and produced when proteins are digested.

Front 3

amylase

Back 3

Enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch.

Front 4

anus

Back 4

Opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body.

Front 5

appendix

Back 5

Blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the RLQ). It literally means "hanging" (pend/o) "on" (ap-).

Front 6

bile

Back 6

Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules. Bile was originally called gall probably because it has a bitter taste. It is composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile salts.

Front 7

bilirubin

Back 7

Pigment released by the liver in bile.

Front 8

bowel

Back 8

Intestine.

Front 9

Canine teeth

Back 9

Pointed, dog-like (canine) teeth, next to (distal to) the incisors. Also called cuspids or eyeteeth.

Front 10

Cecum

Back 10

First part of the large intestine.

Front 11

colon

Back 11

Large intestine (cecum, ascending, transverse, and descending colon, and rectum)

Front 12

common bile duct

Back 12

Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum.

Front 13

Defecation

Back 13

Expulsion or passage of feces from the body through the anus.

Front 14

deglutition

Back 14

Swallowing.

Front 15

dentin

Back 15

Major tissue composing teeth, covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.

Front 16

digestion

Back 16

Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms.

Front 17

duodenum

Back 17

First part of the small intestine. Duo=2, den=10; the duodenum measures 12 inches long.

Front 18

elimination

Back 18

Removal of waste material from the body.

Front 19

emulsification

Back 19

Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules thus increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat.

Front 20

enamel

Back 20

Hard, outermost layer of a tooth.

Front 21

enzyme

Back 21

A chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes help in the breakdown of complex foods to simpler foods.

Front 22

esophagus

Back 22

Tube connecting the throat to the stomach. Eso-means inward; phag/o means swallowing.

Front 23

fatty acids

Back 23

Substances produced when fats are digested.

Front 24

feces

Back 24

Solid wastes; stools.

Front 25

gallbladder

Back 25

Small sac under the liver; stores bile.

Front 26

glucose

Back 26

Simple sugar.

Front 27

glycogen

Back 27

Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells.

Front 28

enzyme

Back 28

A chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes help in the breakdown of complex foods to simpler foods.

Front 29

hydrochloric acid

Back 29

substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food.

Front 30

enzyme

Back 30

A chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes help in the breakdown of complex foods to simpler foods.

Front 31

esophagus

Back 31

Tube connecting the throat to the stomach. Eso-means inward; phag/o means swallowing.

Front 32

esophagus

Back 32

Tube connecting the throat to the stomach. Eso-means inward; phag/o means swallowing.

Front 33

fatty acids

Back 33

Substances produced when fats are digested.

Front 34

fatty acids

Back 34

Substances produced when fats are digested.

Front 35

ileum

Back 35

Thrid part of the small intestine; fron the Greek eilos, meaning "twisted".

Front 36

feces

Back 36

Solid wastes; stools.

Front 37

feces

Back 37

Solid wastes; stools.

Front 38

gallbladder

Back 38

Small sac under the liver; stores bile.

Front 39

gallbladder

Back 39

Small sac under the liver; stores bile.

Front 40

glucose

Back 40

Simple sugar.

Front 41

glucose

Back 41

Simple sugar.

Front 42

glycogen

Back 42

Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells.

Front 43

glycogen

Back 43

Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells.

Front 44

hydrochloric acid

Back 44

substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food.

Front 45

hydrochloric acid

Back 45

substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food.

Front 46

ileum

Back 46

Thrid part of the small intestine; fron the Greek eilos, meaning "twisted".

Front 47

ileum

Back 47

Thrid part of the small intestine; fron the Greek eilos, meaning "twisted".

Front 48

incisor

Back 48

One of four front teeth in the dental arch.

Front 49

incisor

Back 49

One of four front teeth in the dental arch.

Front 50

incisor

Back 50

One of four front teeth in the dental arch.

Front 51

insulin

Back 51

Hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver.

Front 52

jejunum

Back 52

Secodn part of the small intestine. The Latin jejunus means "empty"; this part of the intestine was always empty when a body was examined after death.

Front 53

lipase

Back 53

Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats.

Front 54

liver

Back 54

A large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. The liver secretes bile; stores fugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; and destroys worn-out red blood cells. The normal adult liver weighs about 2 1/2 to 3 pounds.

Front 55

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

Back 55

Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. Also called cardiac Sphincter.

Front 56

mastication

Back 56

Chewing.

Front 57

molar teeth

Back 57

Sixth, seventh and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch. Premolar teeth are the 4th and 5th teeth, befor the molars.

Front 58

palate

Back 58

Roof of the mouth. The hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate.

Front 59

pancreas

Back 59

Organ under the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods).

Front 60

papillae (singular: papilla)

Back 60

Small elevations on the tongue. A papilla is a nipple-like elevation.

Front 61

parotid glands

Back 61

Salivary gland withing the cheek, just anterior to the ear.

Front 62

peristalsis

Back 62

Rhythm-like contractions of the tubes of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and other tubular structures. Peristalsis moves the contents through the GI tract at different rates; stomach (0.5 to 2 hours), small intestine (2 to 6 hours), and colon (6 to 72 hours). Peri- means surrounding and -stalsis is constriction.

Front 63

pharynx

Back 63

Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose.

Front 64

portal vein

Back 64

Large vein bringing blood to the liver fron the intestines.

Front 65

protease

Back 65

Enzymes that digest protein.

Front 66

pulp

Back 66

Soft tissure within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.

Front 67

pyloric sphincter

Back 67

Ring of muscle fibers at the Distal region of the stomach, where it joins the duodenum. From Greek pyloros, meaning "gatekeeper".

Front 68

rectum

Back 68

Last section of the colon.

Front 69

rugae

Back 69

Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach.

Front 70

saliva

Back 70

Digestive juice produced by salivary glands.

Front 71

salivary glands

Back 71

Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands.

Front 72

sigmoid colon

Back 72

Lower part of the colon; shaped like and S.

Front 73

sphincter

Back 73

Ring of muscle fibers that constricts a passage of closes a natural opening.

Front 74

stomach

Back 74

Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. The stomach's parts are the fundus (poirximal section), body (middle section), and antrum (distal section).

Front 75

triglycerides

Back 75

Large fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol.

Front 76

uvula

Back 76

Soft tissue hanging fron the soft palate into the mouth. Latin, uva means "grape".

Front 77

villi (singular: villus)

Back 77

Microscopic projections in the walls of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.