Chapter 5 &6 Key Terms Sociology

Front 1

achieved status

Back 1

a social position that an individual voluntarily occupies as a result of their effort or choice.

Front 2

anomie

Back 2

a condition or situation of normlessness in which society provides little moral and behavioral guidance to individuals

Front 3

ascribed status

Back 3

a social position that is acquired at birth or involuntarily acquired later in life

Front 4

dramaturgical analysis

Back 4

the study of everyday social interaction in theatrical terms.

Front 5

ethnomethodology

Back 5

the study of common-sense knowledge that people use to understand and organize their everyday surroundings and events

Front 6

master status

Back 6

a status that has exceptional importance in shaping a person's identity' a person's most salient social identity

Front 7

nonverbal communication

Back 7

communication with others that employs facial expressions, body movements , and gestures other than speech

Front 8

presentation of self

Back 8

the manipulation of one's role performance designed to create a particular impression.

Front 9

role

Back 9

the set of behavioral and attitudinal expectations that accompany a particular status.

Front 10

role conflict

Back 10

conflict between the roles associated with two or more statuses.

Front 11

role exit

Back 11

when someone disengages from an important social role

Front 12

role expectation

Back 12

society's or a group's expectation of the manner in which a role ought to be performed.

Front 13

role performance

Back 13

how a person actually behaves and acts in a role, in contrast to how the role is expected to be played.

Front 14

role set

Back 14

the different roles that are attached to a specific status.

Front 15

role strain

Back 15

tension among the roles linked to a single status.

Front 16

self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 16

a false or inaccurate label, belief, prediction, perception, or sterotype that evokes behavior, which then makes the originally false behavior come true.

Front 17

social construction of reality

Back 17

the process by which people's subjective definitions and interpretations of events shape their perceptions of reality.

Front 18

social interaction

Back 18

the process by which people act and react toward and with other people.

Front 19

social structure

Back 19

any relatively stable, recurring pattern of relationships that exists within a society.

Front 20

status

Back 20

a socially defined position that an individual occupies.

Front 21

status set

Back 21

all of the statuses a person occupies at a given time.

Front 22

thomas theorem

Back 22

The concept that situations that are defined as real are real in the consequences

Front 23

Erving Goffman

Back 23

Pioneered method of dramaturgical analysis to explain social interaction in theatrical terms.

Front 24

Harold Garfinkel

Back 24

Ethnomethodologist who theorized that social interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies,

Front 25

aggregates

Back 25

Collections of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time

Front 26

anomie

Back 26

An absence of moral guidance due to a loss of shared values and a sense of purpose in society

Front 27

bureaucracy

Back 27

an organization characterized by a division of labor, a hierarchical authority, an impersonality in administration, and explicit written rules.

Front 28

coercive organizations

Back 28

Groups, such as prisions and mental hospitals, of which people become members involuntarily

Front 29

conformity

Back 29

behavior that complies with the norms of a group or society

Front 30

dyad

Back 30

a group composed of two people

Front 31

expressive leadership

Back 31

group-directed leadership that emphasizes the well being of the group and provides emotional support for its members.

Front 32

formal organizations

Back 32

largely, highly structured groups organized to achieve specific goals.

Front 33

gemeinschaft

Back 33

Preindustrial societies where social relationships are based upon the primary group ties of friendship, kinship, and intergenerational stability

Front 34

gesellschaft

Back 34

a large, urban, impersonal society characterized by little consensus on values and by specialized social bonds based upon individual self-interest.

Front 35

goal displacement

Back 35

the subordination of the stated goals of the organization in favor of continued survival of the organization or the oligarchy that runs the organization

Front 36

groupthink

Back 36

the tendency of the group members to conform to a decision that many individual members privately believe is ill-advised.

Front 37

in-group

Back 37

a group that commands loyaty and respect, typically from its members

Front 38

instrumental leadership

Back 38

goal directed leadership that emphisizes the completion of tasks

Front 39

iron law of oligarchy

Back 39

the tendancy of large bureaucratic organizations to be run by a small group of people

Front 40

mechanical solidarity

Back 40

a characteristic of preindustrial societies marked by a minimal division of labor, people united by tradition, shared social bonds, and shared values.

Front 41

normative organizations

Back 41

groups that people voluntarily join to persue a goal, cause, or value believed to be worthwhile, and which does not directly enable their personal material enrichment also called voluntary organizations or associations.

Front 42

organic solidarity

Back 42

the social bonds characteristic of industrial societies that are based upon specialization and interdependence that occur as the division of labor becomes increasingly extensive.

Front 43

out-group

Back 43

a scorned group towards which one feels opposition, competitiveness, and even digust

Front 44

primary group

Back 44

a small group of people who interact frequently with one another and share strong emotional ties.

Front 45

reference group

Back 45

a group taken as a basis of comparison for making evaluations and decisions about others and ourselves.

Front 46

secondary group

Back 46

an impersonal, and frequently larger, group whose members interact for the purpose of pursuing a shared goal or activity

Front 47

Social group

Back 47

two or more people engaged in sustained interaction with each other and who identify with one another.

Front 48

Social Network

Back 48

a web of ties between people within a society or large group.

Front 49

Triad

Back 49

A group consisting of three people.

Front 50

Utilitarian organizations

Back 50

groups joined voluntarily in pursuit of material rewards that will directly enrich the participant.

Front 51

Amitai Etzioni

Back 51

indentified the three types of formal organizations on the basis of purpose of participation

Front 52

Emile Durkheim

Back 52

Differentiated between preindustrial and industrial societies by using the terms mechanical and organic solidarity.

Front 53

Ferdinand Tonnies

Back 53

Used the terms gemeinschaft and gesellschaft to differentiate between social relationship in preindustrial and industrial societies.

Front 54

Max Weber

Back 54

Indentified the five key components of a bureaucratic organization and believed bureaucracy is important for capitalist economies

Front 55

Robert Michels

Back 55

Weberian student who used the iron law of oligarchy to explain bureaucracy rule by a small group

Front 56

Solomon ash

Back 56

Performed experiments with cards that showed people will conform to behavioral expectations of a group even if the group is wrong

Front 57

Stanley Milgram

Back 57

Performed shock experiments that showed people are willing to inflict harm on others when instructed to do so.