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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
social interaction
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the ways in which people respond to one another
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social structure
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the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships
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status
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any of the full range of socially defined positions within a large group or society, from lowest to highest
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ascribed status
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a social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics
-ex: 20 yr old, female, daugther |
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acheived status
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a social position that is within our power to change
-ex. president, prison guard |
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master status
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a status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society
-ex. Arthur Ashe, well known for tennis but at the end of his career, he is most well know as a personality with AIDS |
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social role
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a set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status
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role conflict
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the situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or moer social positions held by the same person
-ex: women works assembly line and then gets promoted to manager, how does she interact with the people who used to be at the same level as her |
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role strain
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the difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations
-ex: navajo police officers who get slack from regular police officers or from their native people |
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role exit
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the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self identity in order to establish a new role and identity
-ex: ex-nuns, ex-convicts, divorced men and women |
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group
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any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis
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primary group
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a small group characterized by intimate, face to face assocaition and cooperation
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secondary group
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a formal impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding
-more instrumental or goal directed -little social intimacy or mutual understanding |
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in-group
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any group or category to which people feel they belong
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out-group
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a group or category to which people feel they do not belong
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reference group
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any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior
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coalition
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a temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal
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social network
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a series of social relationships that links individuals directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people
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avatar
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a person's online representation as a character, whether in the form of a 2D, 3D image or simply through text
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social insitution
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an organized pattern of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs
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bureaucracy
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a component of formal organizational that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to acheive efficiency
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ideal type
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a construct or model for evaluating specific cases
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alienation
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loss fo control over our creative human capacity to produce, separation from the products we make, and isolation from our fellow producers
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trained incapactiy
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the tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice potential problems
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goal displacement
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over-zealous conformity to official regulations of a bureacracy
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Peter principle
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a principle of organizational life according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence
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bureacratization
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the process by which a group, organization, or social movement increasingly relies on technical-rational decision making in the pursuit of efficiency
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McDonaldization
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the process by which the principles of efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control shape organization and decision making, in the US, and around the world
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iron law of oligarchy
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a principle of organizational life under which even a democratic organization will eventually develop into a bureaucracy ruled by a few individuals
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classical theory
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an approach to the study of formal organizations that views workers as ebing motivated almost entirely by economic rewards
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scientific management approach
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another name for the classical theory of formal organizations
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human relations approach
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emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy and tends to focus on the informal structure of the organization
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Gemeinschaft
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a close-knit community, often found in rural areas, in which strong personal bonds unite members
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Gesellschaft
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a community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little committment to the group or census on values
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mechanical solidarity
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social cohesion based on shared experiences, knowledge, and skills in which things function more or less the way they always have, with minimal change
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organic solidarity
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a collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence, characteristic of societies with a complex division of labor
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hunting and gathering society
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a preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to survive
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horticultural society
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a preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods
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agrarian society
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the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society. Members are engaged primarily in the production of food, but they increase their crops yields through technological innovations such as the plow
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industrial society
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a society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services
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postindustrial society
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a society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processes and control of information
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