Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
SENSORY CODING
|
SENSING TAKES PLACE IN THE BRAIN
|
|
|
DATA REDUCTION SYSTEM
|
may not be perceived by the brain
|
|
|
SENSORY ADAPTATION
|
DECREASE IN SENSORY RESPONSE TO CONSTANT AND UNCHANGING STIMULI
|
if someone is monotone most people will drift off)
|
|
SELECTIVE ATTENTION
|
VOLUNTARILY FOCUSING ON A SPECIFIC SENSORY INPUT.
|
|
|
LEARNING TO TUNE IN.
|
Developing focusing skills- also called being (one with)
|
Developing focusing skills- also called being (one with)
*select a sense(smell,hear,see,feel) *something you are unfamiliar with, eliminate distractions, only fully attend for 90 seconds. For 3 times. *then 120 seconds,150 seconds add 30 seconds for every year ** WHAT IT DOES IS BREAK THE HABIT-psych |
|
PERCEPTION?-
|
The study of perception is HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT IS TRUE/REAL?
|
|
|
PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCIES
|
where the brain tries to keep information as consistant as possible. *** your brain doesn’t like change.
|
BRAIN TRIES TO KEEP INFORMATION CONSISTENT.
|
|
SIZE CONSTANCY -
|
The percieved size of an object remains constant, despite of its retinal image
|
Sizes change before your eyes, and you don’t see them, because your brain doesn’t like change. –visual
Example: when someone is far away they look small. And when they get closer your brain automatically assumes. *unconscious |
|
SHAPE CONSTANCY
|
The percieved shape of an object unaffected by changes in its retnial image
|
Shapes change right before your eyes.
*brain does it automatically |
|
BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY –
|
The apparent (or relative) brightness of objects remain the same as long as they are illuminated by the same amount of light
|
We don’t like the world to change colors right before our eyes, due to brightness.
*forebrain is what can reverse the perceptual view |
|
Sensation
|
a sensory impression: also; the process of detecting physical energies with the sensory organs
|
|
|
perception
|
the mental process of organizing sensations into meaningful patterns.
|
|
|
Absolute threshold
|
the minimum amount of physical energy necessary to produce a sensation
|
|
|
sensory adaptation
|
a decrease in sensory response to an unchanging stimulus
|
|
|
sensory analysis
|
separation of sensory information into important elements
|
|
|
perceptual features
|
basic elements of a stimulus such as lines, shapes, edges of colors
|
|
|
retina
|
the light-sensitive layer of cells at the back of the eye
|
|
|
warning system
|
pain based on large nerve fibers, warns that bodily damage may be occurring
|
|
|
reminding system
|
pain based on small nerve fibers reminds the brain that the body has been injured
|
|
|
Gate control theory
|
prposes that pain massages pass through neural "gates"in the spinal cord
|
*helps explain Counter-irritationwhich is a pain control technique, ex:poking yourself somewhere else so that your mind is not foccussed on the pain you are already feeling
|
|
Perceptual construction
|
a mental model of external events
|
|
|
illusion
|
a misleading or misconstructed perception
|
|
|
bottom-up processing
|
organizing perceptions by beginning with lower-level features
|
|
|
top-down processing
|
applying higher-level knowledge to rapidly organize sensory information into meaningful perception.
|
|
|
figure-ground organization
|
proposed by the Gesalt psycholgists
organizing a perception so that part of a stimulus appears to stand out as an object (figure) against a less prominent background(ground) |
|
|
perceptual hypothesis
|
an initial guess regarding how to organzie (perceive) a stiumlus pattern
|
|
|
selective attention
|
giving priority to a particular incoming sensory messgae
|
|
|
inattentional blindness
|
a failure to notice a stimulus because attention is focused elsewhere
|
|
|
Depth perception
|
the ability to see three-deminsional space and accurately judge distances.
|
|
|
apparent distance hypothesis
|
an explanation of the moon illusion stating that the horizon seems more distant form the sky
|
|
|
perceptual expectancy (or set)
|
a readiness to percieve in a particular manner, induced by strong expectations
|
|
|
perceptual learning
|
changes in perception that can be attributed to prior experience; a result of changes in how the brain processes sensory information.
|
|
|
Extrasensory perception (ESP)
|
the purported ability to perceive events in ways that cannot be explained by known capacities of the sensory organs
|
|
|
Telepathy esp
|
The purported ability to communicate directly with another persons mind,
|
|
|
Clairvoyance esp
|
the purported ability to perceive events or gain information in ways that appear unaffected by distance or normal physical barriers.
|
|
|
Precognition ESP
|
the purported ability to perceive or accurately predict future events,
|
|
|
Psychokinesis esp
|
the purported ability to use exert influence over inanimate objects(suc as bending spoons) by will power (mind over matter)
|
|
|
Psi Phenomena
|
Events that seem to lie outside the realm of accepted scientific laws
|
|
|
Habituation
|
A decrease in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus
|
|
|
dishabituation
|
a reversal of habituation
|
|
|
cociousness
|
mental state of awareness of sensations and perceptions of external events as well as self-awareness of internal events including thoughts, memories, and feelings about experiences and the self.
|
|
|
waking consciousness
|
a state of clear organized alertness
|
we perceive times.places, and events as real, meaningful, and familiar
|
|
Altered state of consciousness(ASC)
|
a condition of awareness distinctly different in quality or pattern from waking consciousness
|
sleep dreaming daydreaming
|
|
sleep deprivation
|
being prevented from getting desired amounts of sleep
|
|
|
microsleep
|
a brief shift in brainwave patterns to those of sleep
|
|
|
sleep- deprivation psychosis
|
a major disruption of mental and emotional functioning brought about by sleep loss
|
|
|
short sleeper
|
a person averaging 5 hours of sleep or less a night
|
|
|
long sleeper
|
a person averaging 9+ hours of sleep a night
|
|
|
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
|
a device designed to detect, amplify, and record electrical activity in the brian
|
|
|
beta waves
|
small, fast brainwaves associated with being awake and alert
|
|
|
aloha waves
|
large, slow brain waves associated with relaxation and falling asleep
|
|
|
Sleep stages
|
Levels of sleep indentified by brainwave patterns and behavioral changes
|
|
|
Stage 1
|
light sleep, heart slows even more, breathing becomes more irregular. muscles relax,may trigger hypni(reflex muscle twitch) The EEG is made up of mainly small, irregular waves with some alpha
|
persons at this stage may/maynot say they were sleeping
*very easy to wake up |
|
Stage 2
|
Body temp drops further. EEG begins to include Sleep spindles(short bursts of distinctive brainwave activity)
|
most will say they were asleep
|
|
stage 3
|
New brainwaves called delta appear. Large slow waves . They signal a move ti deeper slow-wave sleep and a further less of consciousness
|
|
|
stage 4
|
deep sleep in about an hour. the brain waves here are almost pure slow0wave delta, and the sleeper is in a state of oblivion
|
if u wake a sleeper in this stage they will awake in a state of confusion
|
|
rapid eye movements (REM)
|
swift eye movements during sleep
|
|
|
rem sleep
|
sleep marked by rapid eye movements and a return to stage 1 EEG patterns
|
when awakened during rem sleep 85% report viid dreams
*sharpen our memories of the previous days important experiences *longer clearer,more detailed,more bizarre, andmore dreamlike dreams. *Brainareas associated with imagery,&emotion are more active |
|
Non-Rem Sleep(NERM)
|
non-rapid eye movement sleep characteristic of stages 1,2,3&4
|
"calms the brain"
|
|
Somnambulism
|
sleepwalking occurs durin NERM sleep
|
|
|
Psychodynamic theory
dream theory |
any theory or behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconcious forces
|
Freud- dreams express unconcious desires and conflicts as disguised dream symbols (images that have deeper symbolic meaning)
|
|
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
dream theory |
an attempt to explain how dream content is affected by motor commands in the brain that occur during sleep but are not carried out- said dreams have no meaning
|
|
|
Neurocognitive dream theory
|
william domhoff- proposal that dream reflect everday waking thoughts and emotions
|
rem sleep
|
|
PSYCHOLOGICAL DEPENDENCE
|
DEVELOPS WHEN A PERSON FEELS THAT A DRUG IS NECESSARY TO MAINTAIN FEELINGS OF COMFORT OR WELL-BEING.
|
|
|
PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE
|
IS INDICATED BY THE PRESENCE OF DRUG TOLERANCE AND WITHDRAWL SYMPTOMS.
|
|
|
Inattentional blindness
|
a failure to notice a stimulus because attention is foccused elsewhere.
|
|
|
Stereoscopic vision
|
Perception of space and depth due to the fact that the eyes recieve different images.
|
|
|
Peceptual expectancy
|
Areadiness to perceive in a particular mannner, induced by strong expectations
|
|
|
Perceptual learning
|
changes in perception that can be attributed to prior experience; a result of changes in how the brain processes sensory information.
|
|
|
Exrasebsory perception
|
the purported ability to perceive events in ways that cannot be explained by known capacities of the sensory organs.
|
|
|
Hypnosis
|
An alterd state of consciousness characterized by narrowed attention and increased suggestibility
|
|
|
stage hypnosis
|
use of hypnosis to entrain,often, merely a simulation of hypnosis for that purposes
|
|
|
Meditation
|
A mental exercise for producing relaxation
|
|
|
Concentrative meditation
|
Mental exercise based on attending to a single object or thought.
|
|
|
mindfulness meditation
|
mental excercise based on widening attention to become aware of everything experienced at any given moment
|
|
|
Relaxation response
|
the pattern of internal bodily changes that occurs at times of relaxation
|
|
|
Sensory deprivation
|
any major reduction in the amount or variety of sensory stimulation
|
|
|
Learnning
|
Any relatively permanent change in behavior that can be attributed to experience
|
|
|
Associative learning
|
The formation of simple associations between various stimuli and responses
|
|
|
Cognitive learning
|
Higher-level learning involoving thinking,knowing,understanding, and anticipation
|
|
|
Reinforcement
|
Any even that increases the probability that a particular response will occur.
|
|
|
Antecedents
|
events that precede a response
|
|
|
Consequences
|
effects that follow a response
|
|
|
reflex
|
an innate, automatic respinonse to a stimulus; for example, an eye blink
|
|
|
Classical Conditioning
|
A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli
|
|
|
operant conditioning
|
Learning based on the consequences of responding.
|
|
|
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
|
A stimulus innately capable of eliciting a response
|
|
|
Unconditioned response (UR)
|
an innate reflex response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
|
|
|
Neutral stimulus (NS)
|
A stimulus that does not evoke a response
|
|
|
conditioned stimulus (CS)
|
As stimulus that evokes a response because
|
|
|
acquisition
|
the period in conditioning during which a response is reinforced
|
|
|
Respondent reinforcement
|
Reinforcement that occurs when an unconditioned stiumlus closely follows a conditioned stimulus
|
|
|
Higher order conditioning
|
classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus isused to reinforce further learning; thatis, a CS is used as if it were a US
|
|
|
Informal view
|
perspective that explains learning in terms of information imparted by events in the environment
|
|
|
Expectancy
|
An anticipation concerning future events or relationships
|
|
|
Extinction
|
The weakening of a conditioned response through removal of reinforcement
|
|
|
Conditioned emotional response (CER)
|
An emotional response that has been linked to a previously nonemotional stimulus by classical conditioning
|
|
|
Vicarious Classical Conditioning
|
Classical conditioning brought about by observing another person react to a particular stimulus.
|
|
|
Operant conditioning
|
Learning based on the consequences of responding
|
|
|
Law of effect
|
Responses that lead to desirable effects are repeated; those that produce undesirable results are not
|
|
|
operant reinforcer
|
Any event that reliable increases the probability or frequency of responses it follows
|
|
|
Shaping
|
Gradually molding responses to a final desired pattern
|
|
|
operant extinction
|
he weakening or disappearance of a nonreinforced operant response
|
|
|
Positive reinforcement
|
Occurs when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event
|
|
|
Negative reinforcement
|
Occurs when a response is followed bu an end to discomfort or by the removal of an unpleasant event
|
|
|
Punishment
|
Any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occurring again.
|
|
|
Response cost
|
Removal of a positive reinforcer after a response is made,
|
|
|
primary reinforcers
|
nonlearned reinforcers usually those that satisfy physiological needs.
|
|
|
Secondary reinforcer
|
A learned reinforcer; often one that gains reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer
|
|
|
token reinforcer
|
A tangible secondary reinforcer such as money, gold stars, poker chips, and the like.
|
|
|
Social reinforcer
|
Reinforcement based on receiving attention, approval, or affection from another person.
|
|
|
Partial reinforcement
|
A pattern in which only a portion of all responses are reinforced
|
|
|
partial reinforcement effect
|
Responses acquired with partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction
|
|
|
Operant stimulus gerneralization
|
the tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded operant reinforcement
|
|
|
operant stimulus discrimination
|
The tendency to make an operant response when stimuli previously associated with reward are present and to withhold the response when stimuli associated with nonreward are present
|
|
|
Discriminative stimuli
|
stimuli that precede rewarded ad nonrewarded responses in operant conditioning
|
|
|
Punishment
|
the process of suppresing a response
|
|
|
punisher
|
any event that decreases the probability or frequency of responses it follows
|
|
|
Escape learning
|
learning to make a response in order to end an aversive stimulus
|
|
|
Avoidance learning
|
Learning to make a response in order to postpone or prevent discomfort
|
|
|
cognitive map
|
internal images or other mental representatives of an area (maze,city,campus, and so forth) that underline an ability to choose alternative paths to the same goal
|
|
|
Latent Learning
|
Learning that occurs without obvious reinforcement and that remains unexpressed until reinforcement is provided
|
|
|
Rote learning
|
learning that takes place mechanically, through repetition and memorization, or by learning rules
|
|
|
Discovery learning
|
Learning based on insight and understanding
|
|
|
Observational learning
|
Learning achieved by watching and imitating the actions of another or nothing the consequences of those actions
|
|
|
model
|
A person who serves as an example in observational learning
|
do as i say not as i do
|