Chapter 4 Socialization

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socialization

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the lifelong process of social interaction in which the individual acquires a social identity and ways of thinking , feeling, and acting that are essential for effective participation in a society.

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role ( socialization teaches us role taking)

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a role is the behavior expected of a person in a particular social position. socialization controls our behavior and make life more orderly and predictable

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internalization

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is the process of learning cultural behaviors and expectations so deeply that we accept them without question. obeying laws, paying bills on time, and respecting teachers are examples of internalized behaviors

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nature-nurture debate

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nature-human development is innate, biological, physiological, due largely to heredity, fairly fixed

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nature-nurture debate

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nurture-human development is learned, psychological, social, cultural, due largely to environment, fairly changeable

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john money, a highly respected medical psychologist,maintains that gender identity is not firm at birth but is determined as much by culture and nurture as by genes and hormones.

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john money

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sociobiology

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is a theoretical perspective that applies biological principles to explain the behavior of animals, including human beings. they argue that evolution and gens can explain why men are generally more aggressive than women

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margaret mead

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observed three tribes, determined that attributes long considered either masculine (such as being aggressive) or feminine ( such as being emotional ) are culturally , not biologically determined

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social learning theories

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is that people learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction, especially during childhood. we learn how to behave both directly and indirectly, for example through observation and reinforcement. we can also learn how to act without performing a behavior

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direct learning

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a little girl putting on her mothers makeup may be told she is so cute, where if a little boy is doing it he will be scolded

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indirect learning

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through modeling (imitating people who are important in our lives) example: if a parent smoked, the child was more likely to buy cigarettes. observing parental behavior may influence children to view smoking and drinking as appropriate and adopt such practices later in life

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learning and performing

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children and adults can learn to do something through observation, but they don't always imitate the behavior.

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social learning theories

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social interaction is important in learning appropriate and inappropriate behavior. socialization relies on direct and indirect reinforcement. example: children learn how to behave when they are scolded or praised for specific behaviors

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symbolic interaction theories

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the self emerges through social interaction with significant others. socialization includes role taking and controlling the impression we give to others. example: children who are praised are more likely to develop a strong self-image than those who are always criticized

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self

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an awareness of one's social identity. they begin to differentiate themselves from their environment and develop a sense of self

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charles horton cooley

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concluded that children acquire a sense of who they are thorough their interactions with others, especially by imagining how others view them. the sense of self, then, is not innate but emerges out of social relationships.

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reflected self or the looking glass self

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a self-image based on how we think others see us.

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the looking glass self has three phases

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perception-how we appear to other people
interpretation- of the perception-we imagine how others judge us
response-we experience self-feelings based on what we regard to be others judgments of us.

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if we think people see us in a favorable light, we may feel proud, happy, or self confident

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if we think others see us in a negative light, we may feel angry , embarrassed , or insecure

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role taking

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learning to take the perspective of others

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significant others

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the people who are important in one's life , such as parents (or other primary caregivers, siblings, and grandparents.

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anticipatory socialization

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the process of learning how to perform a role one does not yet occupy.

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george herbert mead

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the most critical social interaction occurs in the family, the foundation of socialization. according to mead our self develops when we learn to differentiate the me form the I --two parts of the self

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the I is creative, imaginative, impulsive, spontaneous, nonconformist, self-centered, and sometimes unpredictable.

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the me that has been successfully socialized is aware of the attitudes of others, has self control, and has internalized social roles.

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instead of selfishly grabbing another child's toys, for example, as the I would do, the me asks for permission to use someone's toys and shares them with others

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for mead, the me forms as children engage in role taking, learning to take the perspective of others. children gradually acquire this ability early in the socialization process through three sequential stages

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Mead's three stages in developing a sense of self

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stage one preparatory stage (under age 2) no distinction between self and others; the child is self-centered and self-absorbed. learns through observation.

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stage two: play stage (aged 2 to about 6) distinguishes between self and others . imitates significant others (usually parents). learns role taking, assuming one role at a time, in let's pretend and other play that teaches anticipatory socialization

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stage three (aged 6 and older) understands and anticipates multiple roles. connects to societal roles through the generalized other

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erving goffman: staging the self in everyday life
cooley and mead described how the self and role taking emerge and develop during early socialization.

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extended these analyses by showing that we interact differently in different settings throughout adulthood. he proposed that social life mirrors the theater because we are like actors: we engage in role performances, want to influence an audience and can have considerable control over the image that we project

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goffman a process called impression management

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we provide information and cues to others present ourselves in a favorable light while downplaying or concealing our less appealing characteristics.

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three types of expressive resources

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setting the physical space, or scene, where the interaction takes place.
appearance-such as clothing and titles that convey information about our social status.
manner-the mood or style of behavior we display that sends important messages to the audience

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reference groups

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groups of people who shape an individuals self-image, behavior, values, and attitudes in different contexts

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agents of socialization

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the individuals, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know to participate effectively in society.

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authoritarian parenting

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parents tend to be harsh, unresponsive, and rigid, using their power to control a child's behavior

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authoritative parenting

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is warm , responsive, and involved but unobtrusive. parents set limits and expect appropriately mature behavior from their children

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permissive parenting

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is lax, parents set few rules but are usually warm and responsive

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uninvolved parenting

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is indifferent and neglectful. parents focus on their own needs rather than those of the children, spend little time interacting with the children, and know little about their interest and whereabouts

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peer group

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people who are similar in age, social status, and interest.

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play and its functions

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servers several important functions. it promotes cognitive development, play encourages children to think, formulate strategies, and budget and mange resources. when it's structured keeps children out of trouble and enhances their social development. it can also strengthen peer relationships

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boomerang children and boomerang generation

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are used to refer to young adults moving back in with their parents, but many in their 30s and 40s, and older often with a spouse and children in tow

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re socialization

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the process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new attitudes, values, norms, and behavior

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total institution

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such as military bot camps, mental hospitals, prisons, concentration camps, and some religious orders--where people are isolated from the rest of society, stripped of their former identities, and required to conform to new rules and behavior