Chapter 4, Section 1-5

Front 1

Gentry

Back 1

Wealthy planters, wealthy merchants, minsters, good lawyers, and royal officials

Front 2

Middle Class

Back 2

Wealthy farmers, skilled craftsmen and poorer merchants (75% of all white colonists)

Front 3

Indentured Servants

Back 3

Poor people who signed contracts to work from 4-7 year without pay for anyone who would pay for the passage to the colonies When the contract expired, were paid freedom dues (tools, clothes, 50 acres)

Front 4

Gullah

Back 4

A language that is a mix of African dialects and old English

Front 5

Negro Election Day

Back 5

A day of celebration for African Americans in the colonies

Front 6

The Great Awakening

Back 6

A powerful religious movement in New England, and to a lesser extent, the rest of the colonies

Front 7

Jonathan Edwards

Back 7

The New England preacher considered to have set off the Great Awakening

Front 8

George Whitefield

Back 8

An English preacher who helped fan the flames of the Great Awakening

Front 9

Public schools

Back 9

Were paid for by the town, as to allow the children of that town a education, and the money for this school was taken from the taxes of the town

Front 10

Tutors

Back 10

Private teachers who are paid for by wealthy people to educate their children

Front 11

Apprentices

Back 11

12 to 13 year old boys who work for a master craftsman for free to learn a trade or craft

Front 12

Dame schools

Back 12

Private schools for girls ran by rich women

Front 13

John Locke

Back 13

An English philosopher, who's ideas about human intellect and discovery set of the Enlightenment in England and in her colonies (to a lesser extent, Europe as well)

Front 14

Benjamin Franklin

Back 14

An Enlightenment thinker in the colonies, who invented many useful devices, along with writing a series of sayings.

Front 15

Poor Richards Almanack

Back 15

A collection of sayings written by Ben Franklin that is considered very pithy even today

Front 16

Libel

Back 16

A false statement that hurts one reputation

Front 17

John Peter Zenger

Back 17

A New England newspaper owner sued for libel, defended by stating if it is true, it isn’t libel; the case became the base of freedom of speech or freedom of the press

Front 18

Charles I

Back 18

An English king who disapproved of Puritans and Separatists

Front 19

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Back 19

An Puritan “model colony”, or a new society that was based on biblical laws and teachings on Mass. Bay, founded by John Winthrop

Front 20

John Winthrop

Back 20

Was the leader and first governor of the Mass. Bay colony. Quoted saying “the best part of the population is always the least, and of that least part the wiser is always the lesser”, and used this logic as reasoning for only allowing stockholders in the Mass. Bay Company, then allowed Puritan church members who were male, owned property, and were over 21 to vote

Front 21

Great Migration

Back 21

The name for Puritan migration to the Mass. Bay colony, that happened between 1629-1640, in which 15,000 Puritan made the crossing from England to Mass. Bay Colony

Front 22

Boston

Back 22

The first town in the Mass. Bay colony, was the colonies capital

Front 23

Thomas Hooker

Back 23

The Puritan priest who founded Connecticut, was a dissident of Puritan secular government, and believed that to much power was in the hands of too few people, so he created the Colony of Connecticut and created the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut to prevent too much power presiding in one person

Front 24

Hartford

Back 24

The first town of Connecticut colony, was the colonies capitial

Front 25

Roger Williams

Back 25

Was the founder of Rhode Island, a dissident of Puritan secular government, a firm believer in total religious tolerance

Front 26

Anne Hutchinson

Back 26

Was a provocative female dissident of Puritan secular government, was exiled to Connecticut

Front 27

Metacom

Back 27

Leader of hostile indians, stirred up King Philip's (Metacom) war, considered extremely bloody war, was killed in custody of English government 1676

Front 28

King Phillip

Back 28

The English name for Metacom

Front 29

The Common

Back 29

The center of villages, where Militia training took place

Front 30

Meetinghouse

Back 30

A house for local meetings, where voting on local matters was held

Front 31

Puritians

Back 31

Were a type of early Protestants, who wanted to purify the Anglican Church further than done so by the British Monarchy

Front 32

General Court

Back 32

Was the Puritian's governmental congregation, where important matters were taken care of

Front 33

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Back 33

The governing document that stated the rights of the citizenry of Connecticut

Front 34

Religious Tolerance

Back 34

The policy of allowing other religions to exist in a region/ country beside the state embraced religion

Front 35

Sabbath

Back 35

Was another name for Sunday, when Puritans forbade work

Front 36

Town Meeting

Back 36

A meeting of townspeople, usually in the Meetinghouse with the intent to regulate the towns laws and ordinances

Front 37

Mercantilism

Back 37

Is an economic theory that states that all trade should benefit the home country

Front 38

Export

Back 38

A good with value that is exported out of the country to be bartered or sold

Front 39

Import

Back 39

A good with value that is imported into the country to be bartered or sold

Front 40

Navigation Act

Back 40

A set of laws that made sure that only England and her colonies benefited colonial trade (resented among colonists)

Front 41

Yankee

Back 41

A nickname for New England Merchants that implied that one would work hard to make a profit

Front 42

Triangular trade

Back 42

Was a three way trade between Africa, North and South America, and Europe that provided the world with slaves

Front 43

Legislature

Back 43

Is a name for a group of people who have the power to make laws

Front 44

Glorious Revolution

Back 44

Was when King James II was removed and William and Mary of the Netherlands to rule England, as long as they agreed to allow the English Bill of Rights to be passed

Front 45

Bill of rights

Back 45

Is a written list of freedoms that a civil body politic (government) promises to protect.

Front 46

William Penn

Back 46

Was the founder of Pennsylvania, was a Quaker, who had a policy of fairness to Indians, and by doing so, prevented, for a time, the vicious little wars that would pop up as the people from a colony pushed further and further into the wilderness that the Indians considered to be theirs

Front 47

Peter Stuyvesant

Back 47

Was the highly unpopular Dutch Governor of New Amsterdam from 1647-1664 when the English took over the land

Front 48

The Duke of York

Back 48

Was King Charles II (English) brother who was given the Colony of New Amsterdam and was renamed in his honor

Front 49

The “Holy Experiment”

Back 49

Was another name for Pennsylvania, because Will Penn considered his colony a "Holy Experiment"

Front 50

Philadelphia

Back 50

The capital city of Pennsylvania, Greek word for brotherly love

Front 51

The Great Wagon Road

Back 51

Was a route for many settlers to find a place to settle

Front 52

Patroons

Back 52

Was name for Dutch nobility given a huge land grant, in exchange for the promise to bring 50 european farming families over (at least)

Front 53

Royal colony

Back 53

A colony under the DIRECT control of the respective crown

Front 54

Quakers

Back 54

Are an extremist protestant group, whose beliefs (in England) were considered to be wicked (Refusal to bow, Refusal to be conscripted, Refusal to obey laws about women preaching, ETC.)

Front 55

Pennsylvania Dutch

Back 55

Were German settlers, were called that because many couldn’t pronounce Deutsh, or German for “German”

Front 56

Proprietary colony

Back 56

A type of Colony when a king gave land to one or more people in exchange for yearly payment, payable in any terms

Front 57

Cash Crops

Back 57

Are crops that can be sold at a large profit, or a good ROI, at a local or international level

Front 58

The Middle Passage

Back 58

Was a sea-lane between Africa and the Americas

Front 59

Act of Toleration

Back 59

Was a law that allowed all Christians to worship freely (didn’t extend to Jews)

Front 60

Indigo

Back 60

Is a valuable blue dye that can be grown on a plantation for a great profit

Front 61

Debtors

Back 61

Are people who owe money with no means of paying it back

Front 62

Slave Codes

Back 62

Were laws that treat slaves as property, not as humans

Front 63

Racism

Back 63

Is the belief that one race is superior to another

Front 64

Sir George Calvert

Back 64

Was the man with the idea behind the Maryland Colony, but died before the project could get under way, while his son Lord Baltimore continued the project

Front 65

Lord Baltimore

Back 65

Was the founder of Virginia, continuing his father’s dream of a Roman Catholic Colony in the Americas

Front 66

Chesapeake Bay

Back 66

A bay that is between Maryland and Virginia

Front 67

St. Mary’s

Back 67

Is the capital city of Maryland

Front 68

Margaret and Mary Brent

Back 68

Two ambitious sisters who came to the colonies and set up plantations of 1000 acres or more, and Margaret prevented a revolt among the governor’s soldiers

Front 69

Nathaniel Bacon

Back 69

Was the leader of Bacons Rebellion

Front 70

Bacon’s Rebellion

Back 70

Was a group of angry citizens who burned Native American villages, then burned Jamestown, however, the revolt soon fell apart after Bacon died, and 23 of his followers were hung

Front 71

Charles Town

Back 71

Is the capital of South Carolina

Front 72

James Oglethorpe

Back 72

-Founder of Georgia, considered the Colony a place where debtors could get a fresh start

Front 73

Savannah

Back 73

Is the capital city of Georgia

Front 74

The Tidewater

Back 74

Was the name for the plains near the sea, where the land was washed by the sea, and it is called the Tidewater

Front 75

The Backcountry

Back 75

Was the name for the land at the foothills of the Appalachian Mountians

Front 76

The Middle Passage

Back 76

Was a sea-lane between Africa and the Americas