Chapter 4 Notecards

Front 1

Gilbert Tennent

Back 1

Tennent was an Irish-born American Presbyterian clergyman, son and brother of three other Presbyterian clergymen. His father, William Tennent, emigrated to America in 1718, and was the founder of a theological school at Warminster, Pennsylvania called, because of the way it was housed, the Log College.

Front 2

Molasses Act

Back 2

The Molasses Act of March 1733 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain which imposed a tax of six pence per gallon on imports of molasses from non-British colonies.

Front 3

Charles Chauncy

Back 3

Charles Chauncy (November 5, 1592 – February 19, 1672) was an Anglo-American clergyman and educator.

Front 4

Cato's Letters

Back 4

A series of letters written by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon. They decried the corruption of political life, noting that a nation that compromised civic virtue deserved to lose its liberty and property.

Front 5

James Davenport

Back 5

James Davenport (1716–1757) was an American clergyman and itinerant preacher noted for his often controversial actions during the First Great Awakening.

Front 6

"Old Lights"

Back 6

Also known as the intellectuals. They are the ones that give you the reason as to why things are the way they are. They try to find combination between faith and reason

Front 7

"New Lights"

Back 7

They dont need an explanation for anything, you just need to believe in faith and emotionalism. 99% of society isnt going to go past the new lights. All they care about is making money and commercializing religion. They are big scam artists.

Front 8

Evangelicals

Back 8

Evangelicalism is a Protestant Christian movement which began in Great Britain in the 1730s. Its key commitments are
-The need for personal conversion (or being "born again")
-Actively expressing and sharing the gospel
-A high regard for biblical authority, especially biblical inerrancy
-An emphasis on teachings that proclaim the death and resurrection of Jesus

Front 9

Henry Muhlenberg

Back 9

He was a German Lutheran pastor sent to North America as a missionary, requested by Pennsylvania colonists.

Front 10

Cotton Mather

Back 10

He was a socially and politically influential New England Puritan minister, prolific author and pamphleteer; he is often remembered for his role in the Salem witch trials.

Front 11

Mestizo

Back 11

Mestizo is a term traditionally used in Latin America and Spain for people of mixed European and Native American heritage or descent.

Front 12

Mulatto

Back 12

Mulatto denotes a person with one white parent and one black parent, or more broadly, a person of mixed black and white ancestry.

Front 13

Transportation Act

Back 13

Allowed judges in England, Scotland, and Ireland to send convicted felons to the American colonies.

Front 14

King William's War

Back 14

King William III, England's new king, declared war on Louis the XlV. Canadians raided the northern frontiers of New York and New England. They caused considerable suffering among the civillian populations of Massachusettes and New York.

Front 15

Queen Anne's War

Back 15

Fought across a large geographic area. Ended in 1713 when Great Britain and France signed the Treaty of Utrecht.

Front 16

King George's War

Back 16

The colonists won against French. On Cape Breton Island, the French and Indians opened fire on Braddock's Army. Braddock ordered a counterattack. Nearly 70% of his army died.

Front 17

Navigation Acts

Back 17

The English Navigation Acts of 1712 were a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (after 1707 Great Britain) and its colonies, which started in 1651

Front 18

Benjamin Franklin

Back 18

(1706-1790) He absorbed the new cosmopolitan culture. He had little formal education, but managed to keep up with latest intellectual currents. He was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author and printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, inventor, satirist, civic activist, statesman, and diploma

Front 19

Constitution

Back 19

A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.

Front 20

Backcountry

Back 20

a region stretching approximately 800 miles from western Pennsylvania to Georgia.

Front 21

Great Awakening

Back 21

widespread evangelical religious revival movement of the mid 1700's. The movement divided the congregations and weakened the authority of established churches in the colonies.

Front 22

Fort Duquesne

Back 22

a fort established by the French in 1754, at the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers in what is now downtown Pittsburgh in the state of Pennsylvania.It was destroyed and replaced by Fort Pitt in 1758; over two centuries later

Front 23

King George's War

Back 23

known in Europe as the War of the Austrian Succesion, the colonists scored a magnificent victory over the French. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.

Front 24

Albany Plan

Back 24

envisioned the formation of a Grand Council, made up of elected delegates from the various colonies, to oversee matters of common defense, western expansion, and Indian affairs.

Front 25

Albany Congress

Back 25

a meeting of representatives from seven of the thirteen British North American colonies in 1754 (specifically, Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island).

Front 26

Seven Years War

Back 26

When the British declared war on the French, also called the French and Indian War in America. The British won the war and signed the Treaty of Paris and officially drove the French out of North America.

Front 27

Peace of Paris

Back 27

signed on February10, 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. It ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War.[1] The treaty marked the beginning of an extensive period of British dominance outside Europe

Front 28

George Whitfield

Back 28

An extraordinary effective public speaker, he came to symbolize the powerful cultural forces that were transforming the Atlantic world.

Front 29

Jonathon Edwards

Back 29

a local Congregational minister in Massachusetts. He accepted the traditional teachings of Calvinism, reminding his parishioner that their eternal fate had been determined by the omnopotent god, there was nothing they could do to save themselves, and they were totally dependent on the lord's will.He thought his fellow ministers had grown soft and his uncompromising message set off several religious revivals in the mid-1730's.

Front 30

Parliament

Back 30

historic confrontations between the king and Parliament had generated new understandings about what the constitution did or did not allow.

Front 31

William Pitt

Back 31

the most powerful minister in Georges cabinet. In 1757 he advanced a bold new imperial policy, one based on commercial assumptions, in his judgement, the critical confrontation would take place in North America,where Britain and France were struggling to control colonial markets and raw materials. He was determined to expel the French from North America, however great the cost. Took personal control of the army and navy, mapped strategy, and promoted young promising officers over the heads of their superiors.

Front 32

General Braddock

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Aman who was in control of the British army. He was an obese, humorless veteran who inspired neither fear or respect. On July 9, led a joint force of 2500 British redcoats and colonists to humiliating defeat.

Front 33

entrepots

Back 33

a trading post where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties, often at a profit.

Front 34

Seven Years War

Back 34

a global military conflict between 1754/56/57 and 1762/63, involving all great powers of the time and affecting North and Central America, Europe, the West African coast, India and the Philippines.The war was driven by the antagonism between the British Empire (in personal union with Hanover) and the Bourbons (in France and Spain), resulting from overlapping interests in their colonial and trade empires, and by the antagonism between the Hohenzollerns (in Prussia) and Habsburgs (Holy Roman Emperors and kings in Austria), resulting from territorial and hegemonial conflicts in the Holy Roman Empire.

Front 35

John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon

Back 35

penned a series of essays titled Cato's letters between 1720-23. If Englands rulers were corrupt, they warned, then the people could not expect the balanced constitution to save them from tyranny.

Front 36

John Locke

Back 36

widely known as the Father of Liberalism,[2][3][4] was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work had a great impact upon the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the American Declaration of Independence.[5]

Front 37

Pennsylvania Dutch

Back 37

german migrants mistakenly called the Pennsylvania Dutch because the English confused the term deutsch (german) with Dutch ( a person from Holland). Began reaching Philadelphia in large numbers after 1717, and by 1766, persons of German stock accounted for more than one-third of Pennsylvania's total population.

Front 38

Middle ground

Back 38

an open dynamic process of creative interaction with trade between the Indians and the French and British.