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90 Cards in this Set

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What does the sociology term "social structure" mean?
a network of interrelated statuses and roles that guides human interaction p66
What does the sociology term status mean?
socialy defined position in a group or in a society p66 (there are achieved, ascribed and master statuses)
What does the sociology term role mean?
behavior -- the rights and obligations -- expected of someone occupying a particular status p66
What is an ascribed status?
a status assigned according to standards that are beyond a person's control. Age, sex, family heritage, and race are examples of ascribed statuses p66
What are some types of statuses?
there are achieved, ascribed and master statuses
What are some examples of ascribed statuses?
Answers will vary.
Some examples are age, sex, family heritage, and race. p66 (must be assigned and beyond person's control)
What is an achieved status?
status acquired by an individual on the basis of some special skill, knowledge, or ability (an earned status) p66 examples are college graduate, piano players, race winner
What are some examples of achieved statuses?
Answers will vary. (must be an acquired or earned status) Some examples are high school graduate, basketball player, cellist, doctor ... p66
What is a master status?
status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determinining his or his social identity (can change) p66
What is a reciprocal role?
corresponding roles that define the patterns of interaction between statuses (examples husband-wife, father-son) p67
What are role expectations?
socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role p67 (example: a mother feeding a child)
What is a role performance?
the actual behavior of a person performing a role p67
What is a role set?
different roles attached to a single status p 68
What is role conflict?
situation that occurs when fulfilling the expectations of one role makes it difficult to fulfill the expectations of another role p68
What is role strain?
situation that occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the expectations of a single role p68
What is a social institution?
system of statuses, roles, values and norms that is organized to satisfy one or more basic needs of society p68 Examples are education, family, religion,...
What are the two major building blocks of social structure?
status & role
status - a socially defined position in a group or in a society, has attached to it one or more roles; role - the behavior expected of some one occupying a particular status
What does the term group mean to a sociologist?
set of two or more people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity po 73
What are subsistence strategies?
ways in which a society uses technology to provide for te needs of its members p73
What is a preindustrial society?
type of society in which food production -- carried out through the use of human and animal labor -- is the main economic activity p73
What is a postindustrial society?
type of society in which economic activity centers on the production of information and the provision of services p77
What is a hunting and gathering society?
type of society characterized by the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals as the main form of subsistence p73
What is division of labor?
specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic actvities p73
What is a pastoral society?
type of society characterized by a reliance on domesticated herd animals as the main form of subsistence p73
What is a horticultural society?
type of society characterized by a reliance on vegetables grown in garden plots as the main form of subsistence p74
What is an agricultural society?
type of society characterized by the use of draft animals and plows in the tilling of fields p74
What does the term barter mean?
practice of exhanging one good for another p74
What is an industrial society?
type of society in which the mechanized production of goods is the main economic activity p74
What is urbanization?
concentration of the population in cities p76, 421
What is a postindustrial society?
type of society in which economic activity centers on the production of information and the provision of services p77
What is mechanical solidarity?
close-knit social relationships common in preindustrial societies that result when a small group of people share the same values and perform the same tasks p77
What is organic solidarity?
impersonal social relationships, common in industrial societies, that arise with increased job specialization p77
What is Gemeinshaft?
societies in which most members know one another, relationships are close, and activities center on the family p77
What is Gesellshaft?
societies in which social relationships are based on need rather than on emotion, relationships are impersonal and temporary, and individual goals are more important than group goals p77
What feature of a society do sociologists tend to use to classify societies?
sociologists classify societies based on their subsistence strategy, or the way a society uses technology to provide for its members' needs
What are the three broad categories of societies sociologists use to classify societies (based on their subsistence strategy)?
preindustrial, industrial and postindustrial
What are the six types of societies in order of complexity?
hunting & gathering, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, industrial and postindustrial
What are the four types of societies that are all in the broad preindustrial society type?
hunting & gathering
pastoral
horticultural
agricultural
What are the two terms that Emile Durkheim used to describe & compare the types of social relationships of simple and complex societies?
mechanical solidarity & organic solidarity
What terms did German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies use to describe the ways in which simple and complex societies differ?
Gemeinschaft & Gesellschaft p77
What German sociologist used the terms gemeinschaft & gesellschaft to describe the ways in which simple and complex societies differ?
German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies p77
What early French sociolist used the terms mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity to describe the types of social relationships in preindustrial and industrial societies?
Emile Durkheim p77
What is an aggregate?
a group of people gathered in the same place at the same time who lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction p78
What is a social category?
group of people who share a common trait or status p78
Give an example of an aggregate.
Answers will vary. Passengers on an airplane or people standing in a ticket line at the movies (must be a group of people gathered in the same place at the same time who lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction p78)
Give an example of a social category.
Answers will vary. Students, women, teenagers, and left-handed people are some examples (must be a group of people who share a common trait or status p78)
What is a dyad?
a group with two members p78
the smallest group possibe
What is the small group possible called? How many group members does it have?
dyad - a group with 2 members p78
What is a triad?
a three-person group p78
According to sociologists, what constitutes a small group?
group with few enough numbers that everyone is able to interact on a face-to-face basis - groups with no more than 15 members (sociologists have found that 15 is the largest number of people that that can work well in one group) p78
What is a formal group?
a group in which the structure, goals, and activities of the group are clearly defined p79
What is an informal group?
a group in which there is no official structure or established rules of conduct p79
What is a primary group?
small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis p79
What is a secondary group?
group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature p79
What is a reference group?
any group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they often adopt p80
What is an in-group?
group that an individual belongs to and identifies with p80
What is an out-group?
any group that an individual does not belong to or identify with p80
What is an e-community?
a community of people who interact through the internet or other electronic communication p80
According to sociologists, what is a social network?
a web of relationships that is formed by the sum total of an individual's interactions with other people p80
According to sociologists, who are leaders?
people who influence the attitudes and oppinions of others p81
What are two types of leaders?
instrumental leaders, and expressive leaders
What is an instrumental leader?
a leader who is task-oriented p81
What is an expressive leader?
a leader who is emotion-oriented p81
What is a formal organization?
a large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals p83
What is a bureaucracy?
a ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures p83
What is rationality?
the process of subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation, measurement, and control p83
What is voluntary association?
nonprofit association formed to pursue some common interest p83
What is the iron law of oligarchy?
tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people p87
What is Parkinson's Law?
C. Northcote Parkinson argued that "work expands to fill the time available for its completion." p89
What is the Peter Principle?
Professor Laurence J. Peter said "In a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence. In other words, in all organizations in which members are arranged in order of rank, grade, or class; people are promoted into jobs that they are not truly qualified to perform. p88
Define the social interaction called exchange.
individual, group or societal interaction undertaken in an effort to receive a reward in return for acitons p69
What is the exchange theory?
theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people p69
What is reciprocity?
the idea that if you do something for someone else; they owe you something in return p69
What is competition?
interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain p69
What is conflict?
a deliberate attempt to oppose, harm, control by force, or resist the will of another person or persons p71
What is cooperation?
interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many people p71
What is accomodation?
state of balance between cooperation and conflict p72
What are the four forms of accommodation?
Compromise, truce, mediation, arbitration p72
What is compromise?
type of accommodation that occurs when two parties both give up something to come to a mutual agreement p72
What is a truce?
type of accommodation that brings a halt to the conflict until a compromise can be reached p72
What is mediation?
form of accommodation that involves calling in a third party who acts as an adviser and counselor to help the two parties reach an aggreement p72
What is arbitration?
type of accommodation in which a third party makes a decision that is binding on both parties p72
Who is Georg Simmel?
George Simmel is a sociologist that identified four sources of conflict: wars, disagreeements within groups, legal disputes, and clashes over ideology, such as religion or politics p71
What are the four sources of conflicts identified by sociologist Georg Simmel?
wars, disagreeements within groups, legal disputes, and clashes over ideology, such as religion or politics p71
What are the five most common forms of social interaction recognized by sociologists?
exchange, competition, conflict, cooperation, and accommodation p69-72
How can a peron's status differ from his or her role?
A status is a socially defined position. A role is the behavior expected for that status. Sometimes people to don't behave in a ways that is expected for a given status.
How does role conflict affect groups and individuals? How can it be resolved?
Role conflict occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill those of another. People can choose to fulfill only one status or compromise and try to fulfill the expected roles of both statuses in a limited fashion.
Who do the roles of group members differ between primary and secondary groups?
primary -- intimate, often face-to-face, and informal; secondary -- impersonal, temporary, casual, limited in personal involvement, based on function within the group
What, according to Max Weber's model, are the the major characteristics of a bureaucracy?
division of labor, ranking of authority, employment based on formal qualifications, rules and regulations, and specific lines of promotion and advancement
What weaknesses influence the effectiveness of bureaucracies?
They can overlook goals in favor of self-continuation, create red tape, lead to oligarchies, reward incompetence, and expanc uncontrollably