Chapter 4 Energy And Metabolism

Front 1

Alcohol dehydrogenase

Back 1

Taking alcohol out

-Helps break down ethanol and other toxic compounds

Front 2

Ethanol

Back 2

Edible alcohol, it's breakdown products damage liver cells, lead to alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver

-converted to acetylhyde, which is very toxic, by ADH

Front 3

Energy

Back 3

The capacity to do work

Front 4

Sun

Back 4

All the energy in the world comes from…

Front 5

First law of thermodynamics

Back 5

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Front 6

Second law of thermodynamics

Back 6

Energy tends to disperse spontaneously

Front 7

Work

Back 7

Occurs as a result of energy transfers

Front 8

5%

Back 8

Lightbulb converts only about _____ of electricity into light- rest is heat

Front 9

Potential energy

Back 9

Energy in chemical bonds is a type of ___________ _________

Front 10

Metabolic reactions

Back 10

Cells store and retrieve energy in ___________ __________

Front 11

net input; net releasee

Back 11

Some reactions require a ____ _____ of energy-- others end with a ____ _______ of energy

Front 12

Reaction

Back 12

Process of chemical change

Front 13

Reactant

Back 13

Molecule that enters a reaction

Front 14

Net energy input required

Back 14

Some reactions convert molecules with low energy to molecules with high energy

- low to high rxn

Front 15

Net release of energy

Back 15

Other reactions convert molecules with higher energy to molecules would lower energy

-high to low rxns

Front 16

Why doesn't the earth go up in flames?

Back 16

Enzymes help keep us from combusting

Front 17

Molecules of life...

Back 17

Release energy when combined with oxygen, but not spontaneously – energy is required to start even energy releasing reactions

Front 18

Activation energy

Back 18

Minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction

Front 19

Where do you cells store energy?

Back 19

Chemical bonds of organic compounds

Front 20

Product

Back 20

A molecule remaining at the end of a reaction

Front 21

What do cells store energy as?

Back 21

Glucose

Front 22

Active site

Back 22

Pocket in an enzyme where substrates bind and a reaction occurs

-lock and key

Front 23

How are active sites and substrates complimentary

Back 23

Shape, size, polarity, and charge are...

Front 24

Enzyme

Back 24

Protein or RNA that speeds a reaction without being changed by it

-makes a reaction run much faster thab it would on its own by reducing activation energy

Front 25

Substrate

Back 25

Reactant molecules specifically acted upon by an enzyme

Front 26

Factors that influence enzyme activity

Back 26

PH, temperature, salt concentration, pressure influence on enzyme shape

Front 27

Regulatory molecules

Back 27

Ions, enhance or inhibit the activity of many enzymes

-it's binding alters the overall shape of an enzyme

Front 28

Cofactors

Back 28

Metal ions are coenzymes that associate with an enzyme and are necessary for its function

-ex. Many dietary vitamins and minerals

Front 29

Coenzyme

Back 29

And organic cofactor

-unlike enzymes, it may be modified by reaction

-ex. _______ NAD+ + electrons + H ---> NADH

Front 30

ATP

Back 30

Functions as a coenzyme in many reactions

Front 31

Phosphorylation

Back 31

Phosphate group transfer to and from ATP coupling energy releasing reactions with energy requiring ones

Front 32

Metabolic pathways

Back 32

Series of enzyme mediated reactions by which cells build, remodel or break down an organic molecule

Front 33

Controlling metabolism

Back 33

Various controls over enzymes allow cells to conserve energy and resources by producing only what they require

Front 34

Aspects of controlling metabolism

Back 34

- Forward/Reverse reactions

- feedback inhibition

Front 35

Forward/reverse reactions

Back 35

-A higher concentration of reactants pushes the reaction in the forward direction

-A higher concentration of products pushes the reaction in the reverse direction

Front 36

Feedback inhibition

Back 36

Mechanism by which a change that results from some activity decreases or stops the activity

Front 37

Electron transfer chains

Back 37

-allows cells to harvest energy in manageable increments

--an array of membrane-bound enzymes and other molecules that except and give up electrons in sequence

Front 38

Diffusion

Back 38

Spontaneous spreading of molecules or ions through a liquid or gas

Front 39

What are the five factors that determine diffusion rate?

Back 39

Concentration, temperature, size, charge, pressure

Front 40

Concentration (diffusion)

Back 40

Higher to lower

Front 41

Temperature (diffusion)

Back 41

Higher to lower

Front 42

Size (diffusion)

Back 42

Small diffuse more quickly

Front 43

Charge (diffusion)

Back 43

Opposites attract

Front 44

Pressure (diffusion)

Back 44

Faster at higher pressures

Front 45

Semipermeable/selectively permeable membrane

Back 45

Influence on either side of a ______ _________differ in solute concentration, water diffuses across the membrane in a direction that depends on tonicity

Front 46

Hypotonic

Back 46

Low solute concentration (more water) relative to another fluid (less water)

Front 47

Hypertonic

Back 47

High solute concentration (less water) relative to another fluid (more water)

Front 48

Isotonic

Back 48

Same solute concentration relative to another fluid (water same)

Front 49

Turgor

Back 49

-in plant cells it counters osmosis

-pressure that a fluid exerts against a wall, membrane, or other structure that contains it

Front 50

Endocytosis

Back 50

Process by which a cell takes in a small amount of extracellular fluid by a ballooning inward of its cellular membrane

Front 51

Exocytosis

Back 51

Process by which a cell expels a vesicles content to the extracellular fluid by merging the vesicle with the plasma membrane