Chapter 4

Front 1

chromatin

Back 1

structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins.

-condenses to form chromosomes during cell division

Front 2

chromosome

Back 2

threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that carries hereditary information encoded in genes

46 chromosomes (23 pairs, one set from each parent)

Front 3

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Back 3

molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides

Front 4

diaphragm

Back 4

muscular wall that divides thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

alternating contraction and relaxation of it is essential to the breathing process

Front 5

metabolism

Back 5

sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism

includes building up (anabolism) and breaking down (catabolism) of body constituents

Front 6

organelle

Back 6

cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as nucleus (reproduction), ribosomes (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (removal of material from the cell) and lysosomes (digestion)

Front 7

levels of organiztion

Back 7

cell

tissue

organ

system

organism

Front 8

cell

Back 8

smallest structural and functional unit of life

three main parts: cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

Front 9

cytology

Back 9

study of the body at the cellular level

Front 10

cytoplasm

Back 10

jellylike matrix of proteins, salts, water, dissolved gases, and nutrients

Front 11

organelles

Back 11

specialized cellular structure within the cytoplasm that performs a specific function

Front 12

tissue

Back 12

groups of cells that perform a specialized activity

Front 13

histology

Back 13

study of tissues

Front 14

four major tissues

Back 14

epithelial

connective

muscle

nervous

Front 15

epithelial tissue

Back 15

covers surface of organs, lines cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, provides the secreting portion of glands, and makes up epidermis of the skin. It is composed of cells arranged in a continuous sheet consisting of one or more layers

Front 16

connective tissue

Back 16

supports and connects other tissues and organs. It is made up of diverse cell types, including fibroblasts, fat cells and blood

Front 17

muscle tissue

Back 17

provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for mobvement

Front 18

nervous tissue

Back 18

transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body.

Front 19

organ

Back 19

body structures that perform specialized functions. composed of two or more tissue types.

Front 20

system

Back 20

composed of varying organs and accessory structures that have a similar or related function.

Front 21

organism

Back 21

highest level of organization. complete living entity capable of independent existence.

Front 22

anatomical position

Back 22

body posture used to locate anatomical parts or divisions. the body is standing erect and the face forward. The arms are at the sides, with the palms facing forward. Body always described as if it were in this position.

Front 23

plane

Back 23

imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections. serves as point of reference to identify the different sections of the body

Front 24

midsagittal

Back 24

middle, median

Front 25

coronal

Back 25

frontal

Front 26

transverse

Back 26

horizontal

Front 27

body cavity

Back 27

space within the body that help protect, separate and support internal organs, each of the two major cavities consist of two smaller cavities

Front 28

dorsal

Back 28

posterior, including cranial and spinal cavities

Front 29

ventral

Back 29

anterior, including the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Front 30

quadrants

Back 30

two imaginary lines that form a cross in the midsection of the lower torso

Front 31

abdominopelvic region

Back 31

9 cavities. used to id location of the underlying body structures and visceral organs

Front 32

right hypochondriac

Back 32

upper right lateral region beneath the ribs

Front 33

epigastric

Back 33

upper middle region

Front 34

left hypochondriac

Back 34

upper left lateral region beneath the ribs

Front 35

right lumbar

Back 35

middle right lateral region

Front 36

umbilical

Back 36

region of the navel

Front 37

left lumbar

Back 37

middle left lateral region

Front 38

right inguinal (iliac)

Back 38

lower right lateral region

Front 39

hypogastric

Back 39

lower middle region

Front 40

left inguinal (ilia)

Back 40

lower left lateral region

Front 41

abduction

Back 41

movement away from the midsagittal (median) plane of the body or one of its parts

Front 42

adduction

Back 42

movement toward the midsagittal (median) plane of the body

Front 43

medial

Back 43

pertaining to the midline of the body or structure

Front 44

lateral

Back 44

pertaining to a side

Front 45

superior (cephalad)

Back 45

toward the head or upper portion of a structure

Front 46

inferior (caudal)

Back 46

away form the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure

Front 47

proximal

Back 47

nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body

Front 48

distal

Back 48

further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body

Front 49

anterior (ventral)

Back 49

front of the body

Front 50

posterior (dorsal)

Back 50

back of the body

Front 51

parietal

Back 51

pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity

Front 52

visceral

Back 52

pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs

Front 53

prone

Back 53

lying on the abdomen, face down

Front 54

supine

Back 54

lying horizontally on the back, face up

Front 55

inversion

Back 55

turning inward or inside out

Front 56

eversion

Back 56

turning outward

Front 57

palmar

Back 57

pertaining to the palm of the hand

Front 58

plantar

Back 58

pertaining to the sole of the foot

Front 59

superficial

Back 59

toward the surface of the body (external)

Front 60

deep

Back 60

away from the surface of the body (internal)

Front 61

cyt/o

Back 61

cell

Front 62

hits/o

Back 62

tissue

Front 63

kary/o

Back 63

nucleus

Front 64

nucle/o

Back 64

nucleus

Front 65

anter/o

Back 65

anterior, front

Front 66

caud/o

Back 66

tail

Front 67

cephal/o

Back 67

head

Front 68

dist/o

Back 68

far, farthest

Front 69

dors/o

Back 69

back (of body)

Front 70

infer/o

Back 70

lower, below

Front 71

later/o

Back 71

side, to one side

Front 72

medi/o

Back 72

middle

Front 73

poster/o

Back 73

back (of body), behind, posterior

Front 74

proxim/o

Back 74

near, nearest

Front 75

ventr/o

Back 75

belly, belly side

Front 76

abdomin/o

Back 76

abdomen

Front 77

cervic/o

Back 77

neck, cervix uteri (neck of uterus)

Front 78

crani/o

Back 78

crainum (skull)

Front 79

gastr/o

Back 79

stomach

Front 80

ili/o

Back 80

ilium (lateral, flaring portion of the hip bone)

Front 81

inguin/o

Back 81

groin

Front 82

lumb/o

Back 82

loins (lower back)

Front 83

pelv/i

Back 83

pelvis

Front 84

pelv/o

Back 84

pelvis

Front 85

spin/o

Back 85

spine

Front 86

thorac/o

Back 86

chest

Front 87

umbilic/o

Back 87

umbilicus, navel

Front 88

albin/o

Back 88

white

Front 89

leuk/o

Back 89

white

Front 90

chlor/o

Back 90

green

Front 91

chrom/o

Back 91

color

Front 92

cirrh/o

Back 92

yellow

Front 93

jaund/o

Back 93

yellow

Front 94

xanth/o

Back 94

yellow

Front 95

cyan/o

Back 95

blue

Front 96

erythr/o

Back 96

red

Front 97

melan/o

Back 97

black

Front 98

poli/o

Back 98

gray; gray matter (of brain or spinal cord)

Front 99

acr/o

Back 99

extremity

Front 100

eti/o

Back 100

cause

Front 101

idi/o

Back 101

unknown, peculiar

Front 102

morph/o

Back 102

form, shape, structure

Front 103

path/o

Back 103

disease

Front 104

radi/o

Back 104

radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side)

Front 105

somat/o

Back 105

body

Front 106

son/o

Back 106

sound

Front 107

tom/o

Back 107

to cut

Front 108

viscer/o

Back 108

internal organs

Front 109

xer/o

Back 109

dry

Front 110

-genesis

Back 110

forming, producing, origin

Front 111

-gnosis

Back 111

knowing

Front 112

-gram

Back 112

record, writing

Front 113

-graph

Back 113

instrument for recording

Front 114

-graphy

Back 114

process of recording

Front 115

-logist

Back 115

specialist in the study of

Front 116

-logy

Back 116

study of

Front 117

-meter

Back 117

instrument for measuring

Front 118

-metry

Back 118

act of measuring

Front 119

-pathy

Back 119

diease

Front 120

ab-

Back 120

from, away from

Front 121

ad-

Back 121

toward

Front 122

hetro-

Back 122

different

Front 123

homeo-

Back 123

same, alike

Front 124

infra-

Back 124

below, under

Front 125

peri-

Back 125

around

Front 126

super-

Back 126

upper, above

Front 127

trans-

Back 127

across, through

Front 128

ultra-

Back 128

excess, beyond

Front 129

homeostasis

Back 129

stable internal environment that provides a narrow range of temperature, water, acidity, and salt concentration

Front 130

disease

Back 130

when homeostasis is disrupted and cells, tissues or organs are unable to function normally

pathological or morbid condition that presents a group of signs, symptoms and clinical findings

Front 131

signs

Back 131

indicators that are observable

Front 132

symptom

Back 132

(Sx) subjective indicator of disease (experienced only by patient)

Front 133

etiology

Back 133

study of cause or origin of a disease or disorder

include: metabolic, infectious, congenital, hereditary, environmental, neoplastic

Front 134

diagnosis

Back 134

(Dx) establishing the cause and nature of disease

Front 135

prognosis

Back 135

the prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome.

Front 136

idiopathic

Back 136

cause of disease that is unknown

Front 137

sequelae

Back 137

complications that arise directly from disease, injury or treatment

Front 138

adhesion

Back 138

abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated

Front 139

ascites

Back 139

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity

Front 140

edema

Back 140

abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissue spaces

Front 141

febrile

Back 141

pertaining to a fever; also called pyretic

Front 142

gangrene

Back 142

death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction, trauma or infection

Front 143

hernia

Back 143

protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it

Front 144

inflammation

Back 144

body defense against injury, infection, or allergy mared by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and sometimes loss of function

Front 145

mycosis

Back 145

any fungal infection in or on the body

Front 146

perforation

Back 146

hole that completely penetrates a structure

Front 147

peritonitis

Back 147

inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs

Front 148

rupture

Back 148

sudden or bursting of a structure or organ

Front 149

sepsis

Back 149

pathological state, usually febrile, resulting from the presence of microorganisms or their products in the bloodstream

Front 150

suppuration

Back 150

producing or associated with the generation of pus

Front 151

infusion therapy

Back 151

delivery of fluids directly into the blood stream via a vein for treating various disorders. also called IV therapy

Front 152

ablation

Back 152

removal of a part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency (RF)

Front 153

anastomosis

Back 153

surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segment to allow flow from one to another

Front 154

cauterize

Back 154

destruction of tissue by electricity, freezing, heat, or corrosive chemicals

Front 155

curettage

Back 155

scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called curette (curet)

Front 156

incision and drainage (I&D)

Back 156

incision made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of fluids from a wound or cavity

Front 157

laser surgery

Back 157

use of a high intensity laser light beam to remove diseased tissues, stop bleeding vessels, or for cosmetic purposes

Front 158

resectin

Back 158

removal of part or all of a structure, organ, or tissue

Front 159

revision

Back 159

surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery

Front 160

assessment techniques

Back 160

sequence of procedures designed to evaluate the health status of a patient

inspection

palpation

percussion

auscultation

Front 161

inspection

Back 161

general observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas

Front 162

palpatation

Back 162

gentle application of the hands to specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structures

Front 163

percussion

Back 163

tapping a structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence of fluids within underlying structure

especially helpful in assessing in the lung and abdomen

Front 164

auscultation

Back 164

listening to the heart, bowel, and lungs with or without a stethoscope to assess the presence and quality of sounds

Front 165

endoscopy

Back 165

visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope

used for biopsy, surgery, aspirating fluids, and coagulating bleeding areas. endoscope names for the organ, cavity, or canal being examined

Front 166

blood chemistry analysis

Back 166

lab test, usually performed on serum to evaluate various substances to determine whether they fall within a normal range

Front 167

complete blood count (CBC)

Back 167

panel of blood tests used as a broad screening test for anemias, infections, and other diseases

Front 168

organ-disease panels

Back 168

series of blood test to evaluate to a specific organ (liver panel) or disease (anemia panel)

Front 169

computed tomography (CT)

Back 169

imaging technique in which X-ray emitter rotates around the area to be scanned and a computer measures the intensity of transmitted x-rays from different angles; formerly called computerized axial tomography

Front 170

fluoroscopy

Back 170

technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures in continuous motion

used to view the motion of organs, or to aid in the placement of catheters or other devices

Front 171

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Back 171

technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissue

Front 172

nuclear scan

Back 172

technique in which a radioactive material (radiopharmaceutical) called a tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested or injected) and a specialized camera (gamma camera) is used to produce images of organs and structures

Front 173

positron emission tomography (PET)

Back 173

computed tomography records the positrons (positive charged particles) emitted from radiopharmaceuticals to produce a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity to determine presence of disease

Front 174

radiography

Back 174

technique in which x-rays are passed through the body or area and captured on film to generate an image; also called x-ray

to x-ray soft tissue need to use contrast to enhance images. common ones include barium and iodine compounds

Front 175

single-photon emission computed tomograpy (SPECT)

Back 175

radiological technique that integrates computed tomography (CT) and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs

Front 176

ultrasonography (US)

Back 176

high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as echoes to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure, also called ultrasound, sonography and echo

Front 177

biopsy

Back 177

(bx) removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis

two kinds:

excisional

incisional

Front 178

excisional

Back 178

biopsy in which the entire lesion is removed

Front 179

incisional

Back 179

biopsy in which only a small sample of the lesion is removed