Chapter 3 We The People 7Th Edition

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federal grants-in-aid that allow states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent

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block grants

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congressional grants given to states and localities on the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by law

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categorical grants

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article , section 8, of the constitution, which delegates to congress the power "to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states and with Indian tribes" (clause) supreme court in favor of national power over the economy

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commerce clause

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authority possessed by both state and national governments, such as the power to levy taxes

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concurrent powers

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a type of federalism existing since the New Deal era in which grants-in-aid have been strategically used to encourage to states and localities (without commanding there) to pursue nationally defined goals. also known as intergovernmental cooperative

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cooperative federalism

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a policy to remove a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing it down to a lower level of government, such as from the national government to the state and local governments

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devolution

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the system of government that prevailed in the United States from 1789 to 1937, in which most fundamental governmental powers were shared between the federal and state governments

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dual federalism

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specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress (article I, section 8), and to the president(article II)

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expressed powers

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a system of government in which the national government shares power with lower levels of government, such as states

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federal system

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a system of government in which power is divided by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments

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federalism

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grants-in-aid in which formula is used to determine the amount of federal funds a state or local government will receive

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formula grants

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provision from article IV, section I, of the constitution, requiring that the states normally honor the public acts and judicial decisions that take place in another state

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full faith and credit clause

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process by which one unit of government yields a portion of its tax income to another unit of government, according to an established formula. Revenue sharing typically involves the national government providing money to state governments

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general revenue sharing

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programs through which congress provides money to state and local governments on the condition that the funds be employed for purposes defined by the federal government

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grants-in-aid

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power delegated by the state to a local unit of government to manage its own affairs

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home rule

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powers derived from the necessary and proper clause article I, section 8, of the constitution . such powers are not specifically expressed, but are implied through the expansive interpretation of delegated powers

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implied powers

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Article I, Section 8, of the constitution, it provides congress with the authority to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out its expressed powers (clause)

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necessary and proper clause

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attempts by Presidents Nixon and Reagan to return power to the states through block grants

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New Federalism

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power reserved to the state government to regulate health, safety, and morals of its citizens

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police power

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the principle that allows the national government to override state or local actions in certain policy areas

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preemption

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provision from Article IV, Section 2, of the constitution, that a state cannot discriminate against someone from another state or give its own residents special privileges (clause)

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priviliges and immunities clause

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grant programs in which state and local governments submit proposals to federal agencies and for which funding is provided on a competitive basis

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project grants

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economic policies designed to control the economy through taxing and spending with the goal of benefiting the poor

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redistrubutive programs

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a form of federalism in which Congress imposes legislation on states and localities, requiring them to meet national standards

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regulated federalism

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powers derived from the 10th amendment to the constitution, that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states

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reserved powers

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the principle that the states should oppose the increasing authority of the national government . This principle was most popular in the period before the civil war

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states' rights

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regulations or conditions for receiving grants that impose costs on state and local governments for which they are not reimbursed by the federal government

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unfunded mandates

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a centralized government system in which lower levels of government have little power independent of the national government

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unitary system