Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the cell
|
is the basic structural and functional unit of life
|
|
principle of complementarity
|
the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their specific subcelluar structures
|
|
plasma membrane
|
separates intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid
|
|
cytoplasm
|
intracellular fluid
|
|
organelles
|
structures in the cytoplasm that perform specific function
|
|
nucleus
|
controls cellular activity
|
|
phospholipid bilayer
|
double layer of phospholipid lying tail to tail
|
|
polar heads
|
hydropholic
|
|
nonpolar tails
|
hydrophobic
|
|
what are imbedded molecules in the bilayer
|
cholesterol, glycolipids, proteins, and glycoprotein
|
|
what is 20% of membrane lipid to stabilize the membrane
|
cholesterol
|
|
what is 5% on the outer layer of total membrane lipid
|
glycolipids
|
|
what makes most of the plasma membrane
|
unsaturated phospholipids (structure of unsaturated keeps molecules loose)
|
|
lipid rafts
|
densly packed molecules formed with saturated fats
|
|
transmembrane
|
involved to transport as channels or carriers
|
|
peripheral proteins loosely attached to plasma membrane 1) 2)
|
1) structural help stabilize or modify shape 2) functional enzyme system
|
|
glycocalyx
|
glycolipids + glycoprotein
|
|
microvilli
|
muliple projections of pm act to increase the surface area
|
|
tight junction
|
fused together and nothing is able to go through
|
|
demosomes
|
anchor point, mechanical couplings scattered along side of adjacent cells
|
|
2 things about desmosomes
|
cadherins and intracellular plaque
|
|
cadherins
|
linked by protein filament between cells
|
|
intracellular plaque
|
serves as cytoskeleton
|
|
gap junction
|
communcating
|
|
receptors
|
receive and relay messages across the plasma membrane
|
|
function of membrane protein
|
transport, enzymatic activity, receptors for signal transduction.....more information
|
|
2 types of transport
|
passive and active
|
|
passive
|
requires no energy
|
|
active
|
requires energy
|
|
2 types of passive transport
|
diffusion and filtration
|
|
diffusion
|
movement of substance down its concentration gradient
|
|
3 types of diffusion
|
simple, facilitated, and osmosis
|
|
simple diffusion
|
moves down its concentration across the plasma membrane (can move bc nonploar fat soluble)
|
|
facilitated diffusion
|
moves down its concentration gradient by binding to a protein or through a channel protein (polar and h2o soluble)
|
|
2 types of facilitated diffusion
|
carriers and channels
|
|
osmosis
|
h2o movement through h2o channel (aquaporins) and across the pm
|
|
osmosis continued
|
diffusion of solvent and depends on the number of solute molecules rather than the type of molecules
|
|
osmosis tonicity
|
comparison of concentrations inside and outside the cell
|
|
3 types of tonicity
|
isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
|
|
isotonic
|
concentration equal so no h2o exchange
|
|
hypotonic
|
concentration outside is lower than inside: h2o --> in cell swells up and burst
|
|
hypertonic
|
concetration outside is higher than inside : h2o --> shrink (crenation)
|
|
filtration
|
movement due to hydrostatic pressure
|
|
what type of process is filtration
|
passive, and moves down a PRESSURE gradient (seen in capillaries)
|
|
active transport
|
requires energy and moves AGAINST the concentration gradient
|
|
3 types of active transport
|
primary, secondary, vesicular
|
|
primary active transport
|
requires ATP ex: Na-K pump
|
|
secondary active transport
|
indirect drive of a facilitated diffusion mechanism, ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN Na+ GRADIENT
|
|
vesicular transport
|
fluid, large particles and macromolecules
|
|
what can happen during vesicular transport
|
exocytosis, endocytosis, phocytosis, pinocytosis
|
|
exocytosis
|
move OUT of cell- intracellular membrane bound vesicle merges with pm and releases contents to extracellular fluid
|
|
endocytosis
|
move IN of cell - pocket of pm buds into cell
|
|
2 things about endocytosis
|
clathrin and endosome
|
|
clathrin
|
protein coat helps form vesicle
|
|
endosome
|
vesicle inside the cell, no clathrin coat, may return to pm, may merge with other endosomes for chemical processing, may move cell to dump on other side (transcytosis)
|
|
phagocytosis
|
"cell eating" phagosome; contain large solid particles (bacteria) merge with lysosome for digestion (chemical)
|
|
pinocytosis
|
endosome formed contains liquid
|
|
membrane potential
|
the electrical gradient across the pm. ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT modifies diffusion of charged particles.
|
|
cell environment interaction
|
cells respond to extracellular chemicals. molecules direct migration directly to cells
|
|
CAM
|
cell adhesion molecules; glycoprotein involed in embryonic development, wound repair/immunity
|
|
3 membrane receptors
|
contact, electrical, chemical signaling
|
|
contact signaling
|
the way cells recognize each other when they TOUCH
|
|
electrical signaling
|
some pm respond to changes in membrane potential by open or close; ion channels (neural/muscle tissue)
|
|
chemical signaling
|
a chemical bind with a pm receptor
|
|
3 factors in chemical signaling
|
ligand, cellular response, ligand to receptor binding results in structural change in receptor protein
|
|
ligand
|
signal chemical (neurotransmitter, hormones, paracrines
|
|
2 parts to chemical signaling ; ligand to receptor binding results
|
direct effect and indirect effect
|
|
direct effect
|
may have structural change (operation of chemical gate enzymes activation)
|
|
cell environment interaction
|
cells respond to extracellular chemicals. molecules direct migration directly to cells
|
|
CAM
|
cell adhesion molecules; glycoprotein involed in embryonic development, wound repair/immunity
|
|
3 membrane receptors
|
contact, electrical, chemical signaling
|
|
contact signaling
|
the way cells recognize each other when they TOUCH
|
|
electrical signaling
|
some pm respond to changes in membrane potential by open or close; ion channels (neural/muscle tissue)
|
|
chemical signaling
|
a chemical bind with a pm receptor
|
|
3 factors in chemical signaling
|
ligand, cellular response, ligand to receptor binding results in structural change in receptor protein
|
|
ligand
|
signal chemical (neurotransmitter, hormones, paracrines
|
|
2 parts to chemical signaling ; ligand to receptor binding results
|
direct effect and indirect effect
|
|
direct effect
|
may have structural change (operation of chemical gate enzymes activation)
|
|
cytoplasm
|
material btwn pm + nucleus: cytosol inclusions and organelles
|
|
cytosol
|
vicious colloid/solution of protein, salts, and sugars
|
|
inclusions
|
chemical substance, lipid droplets (fat), glycogen (liver), etc.
|
|
2 types of cyoplasmic organelles
|
membranous and nonmembranous organelles
|
|
membranous organelles
|
membrane bound, establish separate compartments (with their own internal environment) (mitochondria, perosxisomes, lysosomes, ER, golgi apparatus)
|
|
non membranous organelles
|
cytoskeleton, centrioles, ribosomes (protein synthesis)
|
|
mitochondira characteristics
|
double membrane : outer sheath and inner heavily folded (cristae), multiple enzymes break down fuel for energy to form ATP from ADP (aerobic respiration, CONTAINS RNA and DNA, CAN REPLICATE
|
|
ribosomes
|
made of PROTEIN and RNA, exist free floating or bound to the membrane, protein synthesis
|
|
endoplasmic reticulum (cisternae) and the 2 types
|
extensive folded membrane and tubes form cristernae, rough and smooth ER
|
|
rough ER
|
studded with ribosomes; found in cells involved in protein synthesis; secretory cells, liver, active immune system cells
|
|
smooth ER
|
no protein synthesis, has enzymes: membranous sacs. lipid metabolism (liver), steroid hormone (gonad), absorption/transport of fat (intestine), detoxification (liver/kidney), glycopen breakdown (liver), specialized SER in muscle (sarcoplasmic reticulum). most other cells have little smooth ER
|
|
golgi apparatus
|
stacked and flattened : modifies concentrates and PACKAGES cellular products
|
|
parts of golgi apparatus
|
Cis face, Trans face, secretory vesicles, coatomer coated vesicles and lysosomes
|
|
Cis face
|
RECEIVES vesicles from RER
|
|
Trans face
|
BUDS VESICLES OFF into cytoplasm
|
|
secretory vesicles
|
protein cargo delivered to pm - exocytosis
|
|
coatomer coated vesicles
|
to pm and incorporated into pm
|
|
lysosomes
|
contain DIGESTIVE ENZYMES (acid hydrolases) digest contents of phagosomes, DIGESTING CELLULAR DEBRIS, normal tissue breakdown during development
|
|
endomembrane interactions
|
the various membranous structures: produce, store, and export biological molecules. degrade potentially harmful substances. includes membranous organelles and nuclear membrane. and variety of interactions/exchange of materials and membrane (system of organelles working together as one in a cell)
|
|
peroxisomes
|
potent enzymes (oxidases and catalases) neutralize free radicals
|
|
characteristics of peroxisomes
|
free radicals - highly reactive, has unpaired electron that disrupts bio molecules, oxidases form h2o2 (hydrogen peroxide) then catalase converts to water, self replicating : not produced by golgi apparatus.
|
|
cytoskeleton
|
acts as skeletal support and as cellular "muscle"
|
|
3 parts of cytoskeleton
|
microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate fibers
|
|
microtubules
|
Largest and composed of tubulin (spherical protein) radiate from centrosomes
|
|
microfilaments
|
smallest/thinnest and double strand of ACTIN responsible for cell movement and shape
|
|
intermediate fibers
|
Medium size, attach to desmosomes. tough insoluble: acts as CABLES
|
|
motor molecules (MM)
|
organelles anchored to microtubules are moved around the cell by MM. motor protein (kinesins and dyneins) pull organelles along microtubules
|
|
centrosomes
|
microtubule organizing center contains centrioles (we need centrosomes)
|
|
centriole
|
nine triplets of microtubules paired organelles (involved in cilia or flagella) centrioles act as foundation. 9 doublets with central core
|
|
2 types of cellular extensions
|
cilia and flagella
|
|
centrioles
|
basal body
|
|
flagella
|
move the cell- spermotoza : the only flagellated human cell
|
|
cilia
|
move extracellular material across the surface of the cell
|
|
dynein arms
|
bend cilia (power stroke) then release (recovery stroke)
|