Chapter 3: Sensation And Perception

Front 1

Sensation

Back 1

The process of receiving, translating, and transmitting to brain

Front 2

Perception

Back 2

Process of organizing and interpreting info from the outside world

Front 3

Stimulus

Back 3

Any aspect that influences our behavior or conscious experience

Front 4

Transduction

Back 4

process of converting physical energy into neural that the brain can understand

Front 5

Intentional blindness

Back 5

not consciously perceiving aspects of the world that fall outside the focus of attention

Front 6

Change blindness

Back 6

A failure to notice large changes in their environment when those changes occur during a brief moment of distraction

Front 7

Absolute threshold

Back 7

The smallest amount of a stimulus detected 50 percent of the time

Front 8

Difference threshold

Back 8

Smallest difference between 2 sensory stimulus detected 50 percent of the time. Aka just noticeable difference (jnd)

Front 9

Sensory adaptation

Back 9

weakened sensation from prolonged stimulus presentation the way we adapt to our environment (ex. noticing your watch,eventually you stop noticing it)

Front 10

Weber's Law

Back 10

For each type of sensory judgment we can make, the measured difference threshold is a constant fraction of the standard stimulus value used to measure it. This constant fraction is different for each type of sensory judgment.

Front 11

Steven's Power Law

Back 11

The perceived mangnitude of a stimulus is equal to its actual physical intensity raised to some constant power. The constant power is different for each type of sensory judgment.

Front 12

Signal Detection theory

Back 12

A theory that assumes that the detection of faint sensory stimuli depends not only upon a person's physiological sensitivity to a stimulus but also upon his decision criterion for detection, which is based on non-sensory factors.

Front 13

Electromagnetic radiation

Back 13

form of energy including electricity, radio waves, and x-rays, of which visible light is part

Front 14

What color would a short wave length with a higher frequency give?

Back 14

Bluish Color

Front 15

What color would a longer wave length with a lower frequency give you?

Back 15

Reddish Color

Front 16

Higher Amplitude equals what colors?

Back 16

Brighter Colors

Front 17

Lower Amplitude equals what colors?

Back 17

Duller Colors

Front 18

What is the blind spot?

Back 18

Optic Nerve

Front 19

What are Rods Responsible for?

Back 19

Achromatic (colorless) vision

Front 20

What are Cones responsible for?

Back 20

Chromatic (color) vision

Front 21

Accommodation

Back 21

The focusing of light waves from objects of different distances directly on the retina

Front 22

Nearsightedness

Back 22

A visual problem in which light waves from distant objects come into focus in front of the retina, blurring images of these objects

Front 23

Farsightedness

Back 23

A visual problem in which the light waves from nearby objects come into focus from behind the retina, blurring the images of these objects

Front 24

Retina

Back 24

The light-sensitive layer of the eye that is composed of three layers of cells-ganglion, bipolar, and receptor (rods and cones)

Front 25

Dark adaptations

Back 25

The process by which the rods and cones through internal chemical changes become more and more sensitive to light conditions

Front 26

From light to dark

Back 26

Rods and cones stop "firing", 5 minutes for cones and 30 minutes for rods

Front 27

From Dark to light

Back 27

More painful; Rods and cones "overload circuits" and it takes 1 minute to get back to normal

Front 28

Trichromatic Theory

Back 28

3 types of cones in our eyes which is green, red, and blue; all of the various colors of the spectrum are created by red, green, and blue, white is the activation of all of those colors

Front 29

Problem with Trichromatic Theory

Back 29

Cannot get a reddish green color or a bluish yellow color.

Front 30

Opponent Process Theory

Back 30

We have systems and we are able to activate a red system or green system based on how we are processing stuff (ex. the diff color flag)

Front 31

What are the 2 types of deafness?

Back 31

Conduction Deafness(inner ear and hear self chewing) and nerve deafness

Front 32

Nerve Deafness

Back 32

When there is damage to the nerve cells or the actual auditory nerve (could be permanent or aging issue) extremely difficult to treat.

Front 33

Conduction Deafness

Back 33

When people have poor sound transfer from the ear ro the inner ear. (hearing aid helps)

Front 34

Bottom-up processing

Back 34

The processing of incoming information as it travels up from the sensory structures to the brain

Front 35

Top-down processing

Back 35

The brain's use of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations to interpret sensory information

Front 36

Contextual effect

Back 36

The use of the present context of sensory information to determine its meaning

Front 37

Figure-and-ground Principle

Back 37

The way you organize what you see

Front 38

Closure

Back 38

Fill in missing info. to have it make sense to us

Front 39

Continuity

Back 39

The way we help make sense of things

Front 40

Proximity

Back 40

The way we group things depends on how close they are

Front 41

Perceptual Constancy

Back 41

The tendency for perceptions to remain relatively unchanged in spite of changes in the raw sensations

Front 42

Depth Perception

Back 42

Our ability to perceive the distance of objects from us