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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who were the Indo-Europeans?
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the indo-europeans were a group of nomadic peoples who came from the steppes
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What were the steppes?
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dry grasslands that stretched north of the Caucasus
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What and where were the Caucasus?
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they were mountains between the Black and Caspian seas
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What languages trace their origins back to forms of Indo-European language?
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English, Spanish, Persian, and Hindi
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the definition of migrations?
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movements of a people from one region to another
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What Indo-European group occupied Anatolia?
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the hittites
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What was Anatolia?
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Southwest Asian peninsula AKA Asia Minor ; high, rocky plateau rich in timber and agriculture
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What was the capital of the Hittite empire?
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Hattusas
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What was the language of the Babylonians that the Hittites adopted?
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Akkadian
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Who did the Hittites borrow cultural ideas from?
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Mesopotamians
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What caused the Hittites to excell in war?
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their chariots and iron weapons
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What were the hittites the first in SW Asia to do?
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work with iron and make weapons out of it
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Why did the Hittite empire fall?
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a great wave of invasions from the north
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What was the homeland of the Aryans?
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between the caspian and aral seas.
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What were vedas?
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sacred literature of the aryans ; 4 collections of prayers, spells, and rituals
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what was the most important of the vedas and how many hymns did it contain?
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Rig Veda ; contained 1028 hymns
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What did the Aryans call their enemies?
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dasas
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What was the difference between the aryans and the dasas?
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aryans were taller, lighter-skinned; spoke a different language; dasas were town-dwellers who lived in walled communitites
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What did the aryans not have?
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a writing system
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What were the four Aryan castes?
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1.Brahmins
2. warriors 3. traders 4. peasants |
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What were Aryan priests called?
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Brahmins
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Who were shudras?
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laborers who did unwanted work
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What was a distinguishing feature of the Aryan caste system?
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Varna ; skin color
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What was the major kingdom of Aryan life?
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Magadha
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What is the Mahabharata?
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the great epic of India; tells about struggles of Aryan kings
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What is the most important part of the Mahabharata, and what did it tell the story of?
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Bhagavad Gita ; Indian prince going to war, god Krishna was chariot driver
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What are the Upanishads?
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the hidden meaning of vedic hymns
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What is moksha?
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state of perfect understanding of all things
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What is atman?
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individual soul of a living being
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What is brahman?
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world soul that contains and unites all atmans
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when does a person achieve moksha?
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when they understand the relationship between atman and brahman
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What three personalities does Brahman have?
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Brahma - creator
Vishnu - protector Shiva - destroyer |
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What two personalities did Vishnu have?
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Krishna - divine cowherder
Rama - perfect king |
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What goddess became important in Hinduism after Brahma?
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Devi - great mother goddess
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What are the three paths to achieving moksha?
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path of right thinking, path of right action, path of religious devotion
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What two other religions did the content of the Upanishads lead to?
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Buddhism and Jainism
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What is Jainism?
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a religion founded in India whose members believed that everything in the universe has a soul and shouldn't be harmed
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Who was Jainism founded by?
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Mahavira
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Who was Siddhartha Gautama?
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the founder of Buddhism
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What did Siddhartha see when he left the palace four times?
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1. old man
2. sick man 3. corpse 4. holy man who was at peace with himself |
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What is enlightenment?
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wisdom
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What are the four noble truths?
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1. life is filled with suffering and sorrow
2. desire of temporary pleasures is the cause of all suffering. 3. to end all suffering, end desires 4. follow Eightfold Path to overcome desires |
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What is nirvana?
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Buddha's word for realease from selfishness and pain
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Which Hindu ideas did Buddha accept?
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reincarnation, cyclical view of history, and moksha
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What is the sangha, and who were the first monks admitted into it?
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Buddhist religious order ; 5 disciples to hear Buddha's first sermon
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Who were the laity?
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those who hadn't devoted their entire life to religion
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What is dharma?
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doctrine or teachings
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What made up the "Three Jewels" of buddhism?
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religious community + dharma
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What Buddhist monastery developed into a great university?
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Nalanda
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What are the Jatakas?
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legends about Buddha's previous reincarnations
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What are the stupas?
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sacred mounds that are said to have Buddha's relics
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Who were the minoans?
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powerful seafaring people that dominated trade in the eastern mediterranean
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What did the Minoans trade?
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pottery, swords, figurines, and vessels
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What was the Minoan capital city?
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Knossos
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What innovations / characteristics did the Minoans have?
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-invented the olympics
-sports: bull leaping, wrestling, boxing -graceful, athletic, obsessed with beauty -invented frescos |
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What caused the Minoan civilization to end?
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a series of earthquakes followed by a volcanic eruption, followed by a tidal wave, followed by invasions
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Who were the Phoenicians?
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seafaring people of Southwest Asia who lived in modern-day Lebanon
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What were the first major Phoenician cities?
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Byblos, Tyre, Sidon
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What were the Phoenicians the first mediterranean people to do?
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go beyond the strait of gibraltar
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What were Sidon, Tyre, and Byblos known for?
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Sidon&Tyre- red/purple dye
Byblos- trading center for papyrus |
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What was the greatest phoenician colony?
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carthage
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What did the Phoenicians trade, and were they imports or exports?
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The phoenicians traded IMPORTS such as wine, weapons, precious metals, ivory, and slaves
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What was the red/purple dye made from?
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murex, a snail that lived in Sidon and Tyre waters
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What was the Phoenician's biggest and greatest innovation?
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the alphabet
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After Phoenician cities were captured by Assyrians, who ruled them?
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Babylonians and King Cyrus I
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Where did Hebrews settle and where was it?
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Canaan, between Jordan river and mediterranean sea [land god promised them]
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What is the torah?
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sacred writings about early history of the hebrews
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Who was the 'father' of Hebrew people?
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Abraham
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Where did Abraham originally live and where did he move to after he was told by God to do so?
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Ur; Canaan
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What was the hebrew god?
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yahweh ; not a physical being with no physical images
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What was the covenant and who was it between?
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Abraham and Yahweh ; Abraham would obey Yahweh and Yahweh would protect Abraham and his descendants
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What was it called when the Hebrews fled Egypt?
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the exodus
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Who was moses?
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the man who led the hebrews out of slavery
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What is tribute and who had to pay it to whom?
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peace money paid by weaker power to stronger power ; Isreal / Judah to Assyria
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What was the Isreal capital?
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Samaria
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What king attacked Jerusalem and caused it to fall?
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King Nebuchadnezzar
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Where were the survivors of the fall of Jerusalem exiled to, and who urged them to keep their religion alive there?
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Babylon ; Ezekiel
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What Persian King freed the Jews?
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King Cyrus the Great
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What was the first hebrew temple?
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Solomon
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Who were the first three great hebrew kings?
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Sol, David, Solomon
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What is another term for the untouchables?
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scheduled class
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