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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cellular respiration |
Overall an oxidative, exergonic process (delta G = -686 kcal/mole) Glycolysis (cytoplasm) --> Krebs Cycle (matrix) -- > Electron transport chain (inner membrane/cristae) |
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Aerobic respiration |
In the presence of Oxygen water is the final product |
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Glycolysis |
decomposition of glucose into pyruvate in cytosol Net: 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 pyruvate
ATP produced here via substrate level phospohorylation |
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Krebs Cycle |
x2 for glucose because 2 pyruvate are made from 1 glucose in glycolysis so two rounds of TCA cycle occur Net: 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 ATP and 2 CO2 In animals, this CO2 is exhaled |
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Electron transport chain |
Process of ADP --> ATP from NADH and FADH2 via passing of electrons through various carrier proteins NADH makes more energy than FADH2, more H+ is pumped across per NADH Final electron acceptor is oxygen, combines with native H+ to form water |
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Total ATP |
1 glucose is about 36 ATP but 38 ATP in prokaryotes Difference because prokaryotes have no mitochondria so they dont need to ransfer pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix. They use cell membrane for respiration |
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Mitochondria |
Outer membrane --> intermembrane space(H+) --> inner membrane (ox phosp.) --> mitochondrial matrix (krebs) |
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Chemiosmosis |
Krebs produces NADH/FADH2, they are oxidized (lose electrons), H+ transported from matrix to intermembrane space, pH and electric charge gradient is created, ATP synthase uses the energy in this gradient to create ATP by letting the protons flow through the channel |
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ATP |
the change from less stable molecule to more stable always releases energy |
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Anaerobic respiration (cytosol) |
Include glycolysis + fermentation Aerobic respiration regenerates NAD+ via O2, which is required for continuation of glycolysis, without O2, there would be no replenishing. NADH accumulates, cell would die w/ no new ATP so fermentation occurs |
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Alcohol Fermentation |
Occurs in plants, fungi(yeasts), and bacteria Pyruvate --> acetaldehyde + CO2, then acetaldehyde --> ethanol (and NADH --> NAD+)
Acetaldehypde is the final electron acceptor thus forming ethanol |
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Facultative anaerobes |
can tolerate oxygen presence but dont use it; obligate anaerobes cannot live in presence of oxygen |
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Insulin and Glucagon |
Insulin after large meals stores glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles Glucagon is the opposite effect and turns on glycogen degradation |
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Fats |
Store more energy than carbohydrates per C, their carbon are in a more reduced state
Lipases in adipose tissue are hormone sensitive |
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Proteins |
Least desirable source of energy, only when carbs and fat unavailable
Ammonia is toxic to vertebrates: Fish excrete, insects and birds convert to uric acid, Mammals convert to urea for excretion |
