Chapter 3 Cell Structure And Function

Front 1

What is the cell theory

Back 1

-The cell is the smallest unit of life

- all organisms are made of one or more cells

-cells only arise from other cells

Front 2

What does the cells shape reflect?

Back 2

Its function

Front 3

This is the

Back 3

Nucleus

Front 4

What is the largest organelle

Back 4

The nucleus

Front 5

What is the function of the nucleus

Back 5

Genetic control center; directs protein synthesis

Front 6

What is the rough ER composed of

Back 6

Extensive sheets and covered with ribosomes

Front 7

What is the composition of Smooth ER

Back 7

Branching tubules with no ribosomes (smooth surface)

Front 8

What is the function of Rough ER

Back 8

Protein synthesis and manufacture of cellular membrane

Front 9

The function of Smooth ER

Back 9

Lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage

Front 10

Ribosomes

Back 10

Small dark granules free in cytosol or on surfaces of Rough ER

Front 11

What is the function of ribosomes

Back 11

Interpret genetic code and synthesize polypeptides

Front 12

Golgi complex

Back 12

Several closely spaced parallel cisternae with thick edges

Front 13

what is the function of the golgi complex

Back 13

-Packages, modifies and separates proteins for secretion from cell.

- modifies carbohydrates on proteins

Front 14

lysosomes

Back 14

membranous sacs containg acid hydrolases

Front 15

what is the function of lysosomes

Back 15

sites of intracellular digestion

Front 16

peroxisomes

Back 16

membranous sacs containing catalase and oxidase enzymes

Front 17

in what organs are peroxisomes abundant in?

Back 17

the liver and kidney

Front 18

what are the functions of peroxisomes

Back 18

detoxification, most important enzyme catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide

Front 19

mitochondrion

Back 19

Rodlike, double membrane structures; inner membrane folded into projections called cristae

Front 20

what is the function of the mitochondria?

Back 20

site of ATP synthesis; powerhouse of the cell

Front 21

what is the function of inclusions

Back 21

storage for nutrients, waste and cell products

Front 22

centrioles

Back 22

paired cylindrical bodies, each composed of nine triplets of microtubles

Front 23

what are the functions of centrioles

Back 23

-organize microtubule work

-form the spindle as asters during mitosis

- form the bases of flagella and cilia

Front 24

microtubules

Back 24

cylindrical structures made of tubulin proteins

Front 25

what is the function of microtubules

Back 25

-support the cell and give it shape

-involved in intracellular and cellular movement

-form axonemes (stalk) of cilia and flagella

Front 26

what is the function of the cell membrane

Back 26

barrier, communication, transport,

Front 27

what is the cell membrane composed of

Back 27

lipids and proteins

Front 28

the heads of phospholipids are _________ and are attracted to _________

Back 28

polar; water

Front 29

the tails of phospholipids are __________ and avoid ____________

Back 29

nonpolar; water

Front 30

the head of phospholipids lie on both the __________ and _________ surfaces while the tails line up in _____________

Back 30

inner, outer, the center

Front 31

cholesterol has both a

Back 31

polar (hydoxyl group) and nonpolar (fused ring system) region

Front 32

what does cholesterol do for the cell membrane

Back 32

stiffens it

Front 33

integral proteins have both

Back 33

hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

Front 34

Back 34

Transport

Front 35

the functions of transport

Back 35

hydrolyze ATP as an energy source to actively pump substances across membrane

Front 36

Back 36

receptors for signal transmission

Front 37

function of receptors

Back 37

a membrane protein outside of cell with a specific shape that matches the shape of a chemical messenger

Front 38

Back 38

enzymatic activity

Front 39

function of the enzymatic activity

Back 39

catalyzes sequential steps of metabolic pathway

Front 40

Back 40

cell-cell recognition

Front 41

function of cell-cell recognition

Back 41

glycoproteins serve as identification tags

Front 42

Back 42

cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)

Front 43

functions of ECM

Back 43

helps maintain cell shape, cell movement, and fixes location of certain membrane proteins

Front 44

Back 44

cell-cell joining

Front 45

functions of cell-cell joining

Back 45

cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) provide temporary binding sites that guide cell migration

Front 46

what makes peripheral proteins different from integral proteins?

Back 46

they are not embedded in lipid bilayer

Front 47

function of peripheral proteins

Back 47

-helps support membrane from cytoplasmic side

-change shape of cell during cell division and muscle contraction

Front 48

glycocalyx is found

Back 48

on the surface of animal cells

Front 49

what is glycocalyx composed of?

Back 49

carbohydrate portions created by sugars of glycoproteins and glycolipids

Front 50

function of glycocalyx

Back 50

-gives identity of molecules

-immune system recognition

-cell communication by chemical signals

Front 51

Vesicular Transport

Back 51

transport of large particles and uses ATP

Front 52

Exocytosis

Back 52

V-transport out of cell

Front 53

endocytosis

Back 53

V-transport into cell

Front 54

phagocytosis meaning and function

Back 54

cell eating- keeps tissue free of debris and infectious microorganisms

Front 55

steps of phagocytosis

Back 55

1) cell engulfs large particle by forming a projecting pseudopod (false foot)

2) gets enclosed with membranous sac called phagosome

3) phagosome combines with lysosome and is ingested

Front 56

pinocytosis meaning and function

Back 56

cell drinking- cell "gulps" drops of extracellular fluid containing solutes into tiny vesicles

Front 57

Process of exocytosis

Back 57

1) membrane bound vesicle migrates to the plasma membrane

2) v-SNAREs bind with t-SNAREs

3) vesicle and plasma membrane fuse and a pore opens up

4)vesicle contents are released to the cell exterior

Front 58

2nd messenger system

Back 58

messenger binds to surface receptor (1)

receptor activates G protein that is linked to (2)

G protein binds to enzyme, adenylate cyclase which converts ATP ---> cAMP the second messenger (3)

cAMP activated a kinase in cytosol (4)

kinase activates or inactivates other enzyme triggering physiological changes in cell (5)

Front 59

where us microvilli located

Back 59

surface of absorptive cells such as intestinal and kidney tubule cells

Front 60

function of microvilli

Back 60

shapes cell and increases plasma membrane surface area

Front 61

what are cilia and flagella made of

Back 61

centrioles that form base (basal bodies), 2 microtubules that form axoneme (stalk), and arms are composed of protein

Front 62

function of cilia

Back 62

moves mucous and trapped substances across surface

Front 63

flagella

Back 63

only found in sperm; provides movement

Front 64

protein synthesis

Back 64

involves (a) transcription, synthesis of complementary mRNA and (b) translation "reading" of the mRNA by tRNA and peptide bonding of amino acids into polypeptide

Front 65

what coordinates translation?

Back 65

ribosomes

Front 66

microfilaments

Back 66

form a net work on cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane called membrane skeleton

Front 67

function of microfilaments

Back 67

supports phospholipids and microvilli and provides cell movement

Front 68

function intermediate fibers

Back 68

help hold epithelial cells together

resist stress on cells

line nuclear envelope

toughens hair and nails (ex: keratin)

Front 69

funtion of microtubules

Back 69

hold organells in place

maintians cell shape

guides organells and molecules

from stialk of cilia and flagella

Front 70

Steps of Cell cycle

Back 70

-G1 phase the first gap phase:

cell is syntehsizing proteins and growing rapidly

centrioles start to replicate to prepare for cell division

-S phase synthesis phase:

DNA is replicated

-G2 phase, second gap phase:

enzymes needed for division are syntehsized and moved to proper sites

-M phase, miotic phase: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

G0 phase- cells that left cycle

Front 71

during mitosis cells

Back 71

divide into 2 daughter cells with indentical copies of DNA

Front 72

funtion of mitosis

Back 72

generates new cells for growth and repair

Front 73

steps of mitosis

Back 73

1) prophase

2) metaphase

3) anaphase

4) telophase

Front 74

in what phase do centromeres split in 2

Back 74

anaphase

Front 75

cytokinesis is the division of the

Back 75

cytoplasm

Front 76

sequence of cytokinesis

Back 76

myosin pulls in microfilaments

this causes crease aroung the cel equator

cell pinches into two

interphase has begun

Front 77

creasing around the cell equator is called

Back 77

cleavage furrow

Front 78

autolysis

Back 78

self digestion of dead or degenrate cells

Front 79

when does autolysis happen

Back 79

when lysosomes rupture

Front 80

what can cause a lysosome to rupture

Back 80

lack of O2

cell is injured

excessive amount of vitamin A

Front 81

apoptosis

Back 81

"falling away" or programmed cell death

Front 82

apoptosis occurs

Back 82

when body of cells are programmed to have limited life span

Front 83

what is an example of apoptosis?

Back 83

menstraul cycle