Chapter 3: Biology & Behavior

Front 1

Describe action potential

Back 1

1)Depolarization opens voltage gate sodium channels and Na ions rush in

2) v-g K channels open and K ions rush out. Cell more positively charged than outside

3)cell positivity reaches threshold = action potential (firing)

4) Na channels close

close. Flows stop. Cell hyperpolarized

5) K channels close. Flows stop. Cell hyperpolarized6) cell returns to resting potential thru ion channels thru Na-K potassium pump

6) cell returns to resting potential thru ion channels thru Na-K potassium pump

Front 2

Describe neurotransmission

Back 2

Neurotransmitters released by presynaptic (first) neuron into synapase. NTs bind to receptors on postsynaptic (second) neuron. Activated receptors excite/inhibit (activate/prevent action potential) in post synaptic neuron

Front 3

Chemicals that bridge synapse between neurons; stored in vesicles

Back 3

Neurotransmitters

Front 4

The lock and key analogy refers to

Back 4

NTs(key) & receptors (lock). Only certain NTs activate specific receptors

Front 5

NT; Motor control over muscles, learning, memory, sleeping & dreaming

Back 5

Acetylcholine

Front 6

NT; Energy

Back 6

Epinephrine

Front 7

Arousal, vigilance, attention

Back 7

Norepinephrine

Front 8

NT; emotional states and impulsiveness; dreaming

Back 8

Serotonin

Front 9

NT; Reward and motivation; motor control over voluntary movement (THINK OF P)

Back 9

Dopamine

Front 10

Inhibition of action potentials; anxiety reduction

Back 10

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Front 11

NT; Enhancement of action potentials; learning and memory

Back 11

Glutamate

Front 12

Pain reduction; reward

Back 12

Endorphins

Front 13

Two branches of nervous system

Back 13

Central and peripheral

Front 14

Brain and spinal cord

Back 14

Central nervous system

Front 15

Anywhere other than the brain & spinal cord

Back 15

Peripheral nervous system

Front 16

Two branches of peripheral nervous system

Back 16

Somatic and autonomic

Front 17

The somatic nervous system consists of

Back 17

Skin, muscles and joints sending signals to the spinal cord and brain and vice versa

Voluntary control of body movement

Front 18

The two branches of the autonomic nervous system that deal with brain sending signals to glands/internal organs

Back 18

Sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system

Front 19

Fight, flight or freeze; prepares the body for action

Back 19

Sympathetic nervous system

Front 20

Rest and digest; returns body to resting state

Back 20

Parasympathetic nervous system

Front 21

How do the nervous system and the endocrine system communicate?

Back 21

CNS controls endocrine system. Neural activation of hypothalamus causes it to release a releasing factor, signals pituitary gland to release a hormone specific to releasing factor, traveling to endocrine sites to affect body rxn & behavior

Front 22

How does environment influence brain activity?

Back 22

-neuroplasticity

-critical period

-enrichment

-exercise

Front 23

Ability of the brain to change in response to experience

Back 23

Neuroplasticity

Front 24

Sex differences in brain structure and function?

Back 24

-different hormones during development

-women have less lateralization, therefore language assoc with both halves of brain; have more communicating fibers between cerebral hemisphere

Front 25

How did brain evolve

Back 25

1) hindbrain(brainstem)

2) midbrain(subcortical structure)

3)forebrain(cerebral hemisphere)

Front 26

Identical twins

Back 26

Monozygotic

Front 27

Fraternal twins

Back 27

Dizygotic twins

Front 28

Creation of new brain cells

Back 28

Neurogenesis

Front 29

Study of how genes are expressed

Back 29

Epigenetics

Front 30

Instructions for gene expression =

Physical appearance/behavior =

Back 30

Genotype

Phenotype

Front 31

Chemical substances that carry messages throughout entire bloodstream(this separates them from neurotransmitters)

Back 31

Hormones

Front 32

Master gland that controls release if hormones in the endocrine system

Back 32

Pituitary

Front 33

Personality is a _____ trait

Back 33

Polygenic

Front 34

Cells that receive, integrate and transmit info in the nervous system

Back 34

Neurons

Front 35

emotional response, esp neg emotions like fear and threat

Back 35

Amygdala

Front 36

Injecting a harmless radioactive substance into the bloodstream

Back 36

PET brain imaging method

Front 37

Receives info from the external world and conveys info to the brain

Back 37

Sensory neuron

Front 38

Difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of a neuron's cell membrane

Back 38

Resting potential

Front 39

Correct order order for firing of a neuron?

Back 39

Resting potential, threshold, action potential, refractory period

Front 40

Control functions assoc with survival (heart rate, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, urination, orgasm)

Back 40

Brain stem

Front 41

Large convoluted protuberance at the back of the brain; essential for coordinated mvmt and balance

Back 41

Cerebellum

Front 42

Gateway to the brain; receives almost all incoming sensory info before that info reaches cortex

Back 42

Thalamus

Front 43

Involved in regulation of body temp, body rhythms, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels; homeostasis

Back 43

Hypothalamus

Front 44

Formation of memories

Back 44

Hippocampus

Front 45

Planning and production of movement

Back 45

Basal ganglia

Front 46

Outer layer of brain tissue that forma the convoluted surface of the brain ; site of all thoughts, perceptions and complex behaviors

Back 46

Cerebral cortex

Front 47

Massive bridge of millions of axons that connect the hemispheres and allow info to flow between them

Back 47

Corpus callosum

Front 48

Back of the head; devoted almost exclusively to vision

Back 48

Occipital lobe

Front 49

Regions of cerebral cortex in front of the occipital lobes and behind frontal; important for touch & attention to the environment

Back 49

Parietal lobes

Front 50

Temples; hearing & memory

Back 50

Temporal lobes

Front 51

Motor strip

Back 51

frontal lobe

Front 52

Some functions stronger on one side of brain than other

Back 52

Lateralization

Front 53

Hemispheres control opposite sides of the body

Back 53

Contralateral control