Chapter 3 Biochemistry Holt Modern Biology

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ORGANIC COMPOUND

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MADE PRIMARILY OF CARBON ATOMS; COVALENTLY BONDED COMPOUND THAT CONTAINS CARBON, BUT EXCLUDES CARBONATES & OXIDES

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INORGANIC COMPOUND

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NOT MADE OF CARBON ATOMS;

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FUNCTIONAL GROUP

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PORTION OF A MOLECULE THAT IS ACTIVE IN A CHEMICAL REACTION; IT DETERMINES THE PROPERTIES OF MANY ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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MONOMER

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A SIMPLE MOLECULE THAT CAN COMBINE WITH OTHER LIKE OR UNLIKE MOLECULES TO CREATE A POLYMER

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POLYMER

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A LARGE MOLECULE THAT IS FORMED BY MORE THAN 5 MONOMERS (OR SMALL UNITS)

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MACROMOLECULE

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A VERY LARGE ORGANIC MOLECULE (USUALLY A POLYMER) MADE UP OF HUNDREDS OR THOUSANDS OFATOMS

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CONDENSATION REACTION

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A CHEMICAL REACTION WHERE 2 OR MORE MOLECULES COMBINE TO PRODUCE WATER OR ANOTHER SIMPLE MOLECULE

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HYDROLYSIS

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A CHEMICAL REACTION BTWN. WATER & ANOTHER SUBSTANCE TO FORM 2 OR MORE NEW SUBSTANCES; A REACTION BTWN. WATER & SALT TO CREATE AN ACID OR BASE

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ATP: adenosine triphosphate

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AN ORGANIC MOLECULE THAT ACTS AS THE MAIN ENERGY SOURCE FOR CELL PROCESSES; IT IS COMPOSED OF A NITROGENOUS BASE, A SUGAR, & 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS

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CARBON ATOMS

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CAN FORM SINGLE, DOUBLE & TRIPLE BONDS;THESE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CAN HAVE DIFFERENT SHAPES/PATTERNS

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ORGANIC COMPOUND

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MADE PRIMARILY OF CARBON ATOMS; COVALENTLY BONDED COMPOUND THAT CONTAINS CARBON, BUT EXCLUDES CARBONATES & OXIDES

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INORGANIC COMPOUND

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NOT MADE OF CARBON ATOMS;

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FUNCTIONAL GROUP

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PORTION OF A MOLECULE THAT IS ACTIVE IN A CHEMICAL REACTION; IT DETERMINES THE PROPERTIES OF MANY ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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MONOMER

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A SIMPLE MOLECULE THAT CAN COMBINE WITH OTHER LIKE OR UNLIKE MOLECULES TO CREATE A POLYMER

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POLYMER

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A LARGE MOLECULE THAT IS FORMED BY MORE THAN 5 MONOMERS (OR SMALL UNITS)

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MACROMOLECULE

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A VERY LARGE ORGANIC MOLECULE (USUALLY A POLYMER) MADE UP OF HUNDREDS OR THOUSANDS OFATOMS

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CONDENSATION REACTION

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A CHEMICAL REACTION WHERE 2 OR MORE MOLECULES COMBINE TO PRODUCE WATER OR ANOTHER SIMPLE MOLECULE

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HYDROLYSIS

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A CHEMICAL REACTION BTWN. WATER & ANOTHER SUBSTANCE TO FORM 2 OR MORE NEW SUBSTANCES; A REACTION BTWN. WATER & SALT TO CREATE AN ACID OR BASE

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ATP: adenosine triphosphate

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AN ORGANIC MOLECULE THAT ACTS AS THE MAIN ENERGY SOURCE FOR CELL PROCESSES; IT IS COMPOSED OF A NITROGENOUS BASE, A SUGAR, & 3 PHOSPHATE GROUPS

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CARBON ATOMS

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CAN FORM SINGLE, DOUBLE & TRIPLE BONDS;THESE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CAN HAVE DIFFERENT SHAPES/PATTERNS

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CARBOHYDRATE

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ANY ORGANIC COMPOUND THAT IS MADE OF CARBON, HYDROGEN, & OXYGEN; PROVIDES NUTRIENTS TO THE CELLS OF LIVING THINGS

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MONOSACCHARIDE

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A SIMPLE SUGAR THAT IS THE BASIC SUBUNIT (OR MONOMER) OF A CARBOHYDRATE

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DISACCHARIDE

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A SUGAR FORMED FROM TWO MONOSACCHARIDES

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POLYSACCHARIDE

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A CARBOHYDRATE THAT IS MADE UP OF LONG CHAINS OF SIMPLE SUGARS; THEY INCLUDE STARCH, CELLULOSE & GLYCOGEN

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PROTEIN

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AN ORGANIC COMPOUND MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS; A MAJOR COMPONENT OF ALL CELLS;

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AMINO ACID

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AN ORGANIC MOLECULE THAT CONTAINS: A CARBOXYL & AN AMINO GROUP; MAKES UP PROTEINS; A PROTEIN MONOMER

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PEPTIDE BOND

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A CHEMICAL BOND THAT FORMS BTWN. THE CARBOXYL GROUP OF ONE AMINO ACID & THE AMINO GROUP OF ANOTHER AMINO ACID

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POLYPEPTIDE

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A LONG CHAIN OF SEVERAL AMINO ACIDS

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ENZYME

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TYPE OF PROTEIN OR RNA MOLECULE THAT SPEEDS UP METABOLIC REACTIONS IN PLANTS/ANIMALS WITHOUT BEING PERMANENTLY CHANGED OR DESTROYED

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SUBSTRATE

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A PART, SUBSTANCE OR ELEMENT THAT LIES BENEATH OR SUPPORTS ANOTHER PART, SUBSTANCE OR ELEMENT; THE REACTANT IN REACTIONS THAT ENZYMES ARE A CATALYST OF.

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ACTIVE SITE

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THE SITE ON AN ENZYME THAT ATTACHES TO A SUBTRATE

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LIPID

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A LARGE NONPOLAR ORGANIC MOLECULE, INCLUDING FATS & STEROIDS; LIPIDS STORE ENERGY & MAKE UP CELL MEMBRANES

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FATTY ACID

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AN ORGANIC ACID THAT IS CONTAINED IN LIPIDS, SUCH AS FATS & OILS.

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PHOSPHOLIPID

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A LIPID THAT CONTAINS PHOSPHOROUS; IT IS A STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANES

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WAX

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TYPE OF STRUCTURAL LIPID CONSISTING OF A LONG FATTY ACID CHAIN THAT IS JOINED TO A LONG ALCOHOL CHAIN

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STEROID

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TYPE OF LIPID THAT CONSISTS OF 4 CARBON RINGS TO WHICH VARIOUS FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ARE ATTACHED; THEY USUALLY HAVE A PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTION

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NUCLEIC ACID

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AN ORGANIC COMPOUND (EITHER RNA OR DNA) WHOSE MOLECULES ARE MADE UP OF 1 OR 2 CHAINS OF NUCLEOTIDES & CARRY GENETIC INFORMATION

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DNA: DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

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THE MATERIAL THAT CONTAINS THE INFORMATION THAT DETERMINES INHERITED CHARACTERISTICS

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RNA: RIBONUCLEIC ACID

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A NATURAL POLYMER THAT IS PRESENT IN ALL LIVING CELLS; PLAYS A ROLE IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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NUCLEOTIDE

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A SUB-UNIT THAT CONSISTS OF A SUGAR, PHOSPHATE, & NITROGENOUS BASE IN A NUCLEIC-ACID CHAIN