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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Genetic Mapping
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The process of determining the location and chemical sequence of specific genes on specific chromosomes.
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Adoption Studies
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Assessing hereditary influence by examining the resemblance between adopted children and their biological and adoptive patents.
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Faternal (dizygotic) Twins
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When two eggs are fertilized simultaneously by different sperm cells forming two different zygotes.
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Identical (monozygotic) Twins
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Emerge from one zygote that splits for unknown reasons.
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Twin Studies
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Researchers assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of identical twins to Faternal twins.
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Family Studies
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Researchers assess hereditary influence by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble one another.
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Polygenic Traits
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The characteristics that are influenced by more than one pair of genes.
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Phenotype
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Refers to the ways a person's genotype is manifested in observable characteristics.
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Genotype
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Refers to a person's genetic make up.
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Recessive Gene
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One that is masked when paired genes are different.
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Dominant Gene
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One that is expressed when pair genes are different.
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Heterozygous Condition
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The two genes in a specific pair are different.
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Homozygous Condition
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The two genes in a specific pair are the same.
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Genes
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DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.
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Zygote
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A single cell developed by the union of sperm and egg.
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Chromosomes
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Strands of DNA molecules that carry information.
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Behavioral Genetics
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An interdisciplinary field that studies the influence of genetic factors on behavioral traits.
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Pituitary Gland
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Releases a great variety of hormones that fan out around the body, simulating action in the other glands.
"Master gland" |
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Hormones
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The chemical substances released by the endocrine glands.
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Endocrine System
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Consists of glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning.
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Perceptual Asymmatries
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Right/left imbalances between the hemispheres in the speed of visual or auditory processing.
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Split-Brain Surgery
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The bundle of fibers connecting the right and left hemispheres are cut to reduce the severity of epileptic seizures and to further analyze the brain.
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Broca's Area
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Part of the brain dedicated to the production of speech.
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Wernicke's Area
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Part of the brain dedicated to the comprehension of language.
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Occipital Lobe
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Primary visual cortex.
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Parietal Lobe
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Primary Somatosensory cortex.
(touch) |
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Parietal Lobe
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Primary somatosensory Cortex
(touch) |
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Temporal Lobe
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Primary Auditory Cortex
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Frontal Lobe
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Primary Motor Cortex
(movement of muscles) |
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Corpus callosum
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Structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.
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Cerebral hemispheres
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Right and left halves.
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Cerebrum
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Responsible for learning, thinking, remembering, and consciousnes itself.
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Cerebral cortex
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Convoluted outer area of the Cerebrum.
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Limbic system
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Loosely connected network of structures located roughly along the border between the cerebral cortex and deeper subtotal areas.
(involves the regulation of emotion, memory, and motivation) |
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Hypothalamus
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Involved in the regulation of basic biological needs.
"fighting, fleeing, feeding, and mating" |
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Thalamus
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All sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex.
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The Forebrain
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Largest, most complex region of the brain, encompassing a variety of structures including the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic System, and the Cerebrum.
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Reticular Formation
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Contributes to the modulation of muscle reflexes, breathing, and pain perception.
(best known for sleep and arousal) |
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The Midbrain
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Segment of the brainstem that lies between the Hindbrain and the Forebrain.
(concerned with integrating sensory processes such as visions and hearing) |
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Cerebellum
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Structure that coordinates fine muscle balance and equilibrium.
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Pons
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Includes a bridge of fibers that connect the brainstem with the Cerebellum.
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Medulla
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Controls largely unconscious actions such as circulating blood, breathing, maintaining muscle tone, sneezing and coughing.
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Hindbrain
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Includes the Cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brainstem; the Medulla and the Pons.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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Uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and computerized enhancement to map out brain structure.
*3-Dimensional images. *Both structural and functional information is given. |
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Position Emission Tomography (PET)
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Can examine brain function, mapping brain activity over time.
*Color-coded map of activity. |
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Computerized Tomography (CT)
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A computer enhanced X-Ray of brain structure.
*widely used. *Less expensive. |
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
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A new technique that allows scientists to temporarily enhance it depress activity in a specific part of the brain.
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Electrical Situation of the Brain (ESB)
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Involves sending a real signal (electric current) into a brain structure to stimulate it.
*Doesn't exactly duplicate oral brain signals. |
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Lesioning
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Involves destroying a piece of the brain.
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Electro Encephalograph (EEG)
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A device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes to the surface of the scalp.
*Developed by German Psychiatrist Hans Berger in 1929. *Used to analyze brain damage, epilepsy, and other neurological disorders. |
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
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Nourishes the brain and provides a protective cushion.
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Consists of the brain and the spinal.cord.
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Parasympathetic Decision
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Branch of the Autonomic nervous system that conserve bodily resources.
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Sympathetic Division
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Branch of the Autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies.
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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Made up of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands.
*Responsible for heart rate, digestion, and persperation. *Walter Cannon developed "Fight-or-Flight" concept. |
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Efferent Nerve Fibers
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Axons that carry information outwards from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body.
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Afferent Nerve Fibers
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Axons that carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body.
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Somatic Nervous System
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Made up of nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors.
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Nerves
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Bundles of neuron fibers (Axons) that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system.
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Peripheral Nervous System
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Made up of of all those nerves that kit outside the brain and spinal cord.
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Antagonist
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Opposes the action of the neurotransmitters.
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Endorphins
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Resemble opiate drugs in structure and effects. Contribute to pain relief and to some pleasurable emotions.
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GABA
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Serves as widely distributed inhibitory transmitter.
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Serotonin
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Involved in regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating, and aggression.
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Norepineeohrine (NE)
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Contributes to modulation of mood and arousal.
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Dopamine (DA)
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Contributes to control of voluntary movement and pleasurable emotions.
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Acetychloline (ACHh)
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Released by motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles. Contributes to the regulation of attention, arousal, and memory.
*Some receptors are stimulated by Nicotine. |
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Reuptake
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A process in which.neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synoptic cleft by presynaptic membrane.
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Inhibitory PSP
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A negative voltage shift that decreases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials.
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Excilatory PSP
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A positive voltage shift that increases the likelihood that postsynaptic neurons will fire action potentials.
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Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)
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A voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane.
*they vary in size, increase or decrease the probability if a neural impulse in the receiving cell. |
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Neurotransmitters
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Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another.
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Synoptic Cleft
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A microscopic gap between the terminal button of one neuron and the cell membrane of another neuron.
*sends=presynaptic neuron *receives=postsynaptic neuron. |
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All-or-Nothing Law
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Either a neuron fires or it doesn't. And it's action potentials are all the same size.
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Absolute Refractory Period
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The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin.
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Action Potential
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Very brief shift in a neuron's electoral charge that travels along an axon.
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Resting Potential
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Stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive.
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Glia
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Cells found throughout the nervous system that provide various types of support for neurons.
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Synapse
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A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another.
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Terminal Buttons
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Small knobs that secrete neurotransmitters.
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Myelin Sheath
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Insulating material that encases some Axons.
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Axon
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Long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
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Dendrite
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Part of a neuron that receives information.
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Soma (cell body)
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Contains the nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells.
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Neurons
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Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.
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