Chapter 3

Front 1

Why is Cell size limited?

Back 1

If they were too big it would be harder for nutrients and waste to move in and out of the cell.

Front 2

Cell(Plasma) Membrane

Back 2

Separates intracellular compartment from the extracellular compartment.

Semipermeable: Allows wastes and nutrients to pass though

Front 3

Nucleus

Back 3

Holds DNA

Two strands: Chromatin and Chromosomes.

Front 4

DNA

Back 4

Genes. Instructions for polypeptides (Protein ) synthesis

Front 5

Cytoplasm

Back 5

Between nuclear envelope and cell membrane

Composed of Cytosol( Liquid)

And organelles.

Front 6

Ribosomes

Back 6

Where proteins are built. May be free in cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum

Front 7

Rough ER

Back 7

Studded with Ribosomes.

Makes proteins.

Front 8

Smooth ER

Back 8

Makes lipids and carbohydrates. No ribosomes

Front 9

Golgi Apparatus/Complex

Back 9

Processes packages and ships itwms made in the ER

Front 10

Mitochondria

Back 10

Cell powerhouse

Produce ATP

Front 11

Lysosomes

Back 11

Cells digestive systems, breaks down material

Front 12

Cytoskeleton

Back 12

Filaments/Tubes

For support/Attachments to maintain the shape and movement

Front 13

Centrosome

Back 13

Made up of 2 centrioles. Directs movement of chromosomes when a cell divides.

Front 14

Cilia

Back 14

Hair like structure and moves in waves. To sweep substances over cell surface.

Front 15

Flagellum

Back 15

*Sperm only.

Whiplike tail, helps sperm swim

Front 16

Integral (transmembrane) Proteins

Back 16

Permanently connected to membrane. Hydrophobic.

Front 17

Peripheral Proteins

Back 17

Have weaker temporary connections to membrane.

Front 18

Glycocalyx

Back 18

On the surface of Animal cells.

Carbohydrates portions of membrane and glycoproteins and glcolipids.

Enables bacteria to adhere to environmental surfaces.

Front 19

Vesicular Transport

Back 19

Transport of large particles or fluid droplets through membrane in bubble like vesicles of plasma membrane

Front 20

Phagocytosis

Back 20

Keeps tissues free of debris and infectious microorganisms

Front 21

Pinocytosis

Back 21

Cell drinks drops of excellular fluid containing solutes into tiny vesicles.

Front 22

Exocytosis

Back 22

Cellular process in which intracellular vesicles in the cytoplasm fuse with the plamsa membrane and secrete their contents in the extracellular compartment

Front 23

Second messenger system

Back 23

1) messenger (epinephrine) binds to a surface receptor

2) Recepter activates G protein

3) G protein binds to an enzyme, adenylate cyclase, which converts ATP to cAMP

4)cAMP activates a kinase in the cytosol.

5)Kinases activates or inactivitates other enzymes triggering physiological changes.

Front 24

Microvilli

Back 24

Extension of the Plasma membrane 1-2m

Increases surface tension,

Absorbs, secretes.

Front 25

Microfilaments

Back 25

Cytoskeleton

Actin.

Forms network on cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane called membrane skeleton.

Supports phospholipids and microvilli and produces cell movement

Front 26

Intermediate fibers

Back 26

Cytoskeleton

Helps hold epethlial cells together, resists stress on cells, lines nuclear envelope, toughens hair and nails.

Front 27

Microtubules

Back 27

Cytoskeleton.

Hold organelles in place.

Front 28

Mitosis

Back 28

Process by which one cell divides into 2 daughter cells with identical copies of DNA

Phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

Front 29

Describes tight junctions

Back 29

junctions among epithelial cells lining the digestive tract

Front 30

Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins?

Back 30

ribosomes

Front 31

Under a microscope you view a cell with a very large quantity of lysosomes present. What could this indicate?

Back 31

The cell is about to undergo apoptosis.

Front 32

apoptosis

Back 32

cell death

Front 33

What a component of the plasma membrane that creates a chemical barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell?

Back 33

phospholipids

Front 34

What can we infer if we see a large number of mitochondria in a cell?

Back 34

The cell has a great metabolic demand.

Front 35

In a patient with severely burned skin, the damaged cells that have lost fluid cannot be properly rehydrated because_________.

Back 35

the absence of selective permeability allows water molecules that enter these damaged cells to also leave the cytoplasm