Chapter 3

Front 1

Consciousness:

Back 1

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

Front 2

Conscious awareness:

Back 2

lets us exert voluntary control and communicate our mental states to others

Front 3

Subconscious:

Back 3

Reacting to stimuli below our conscious awareness

Front 4

We parallel process many things very quickly in:

Back 4

our subconscious

Front 5

we are serially processing on a slower rate in:

Back 5

our conscious

Front 6

Novel tasks require:

Back 6

conscious proessing

Front 7

Jerome Singer (1975)

Back 7

found that nearly all have fantasies. Young adults have more that are sexual

Front 8

Sexual fantasies do not indicate:

Back 8

sexual problems

Front 9

Daydreams are:

Back 9

adaptive, release impulses, help plan, and enhance cognitive and social development

Front 10

Violence and drug issues result in:

Back 10

fewer fantasies

Front 11

Annual Cycles ex.) :

Back 11

Seasonal Effective Disorder (SAD)

Front 12

28 day cycles ex.) :

Back 12

menopause

Front 13

24 hour cycles ex.) :

Back 13

varying alertness, temperature, and growth hormone secretion

Front 14

90 minute cycles ex.) :

Back 14

sleep stages

Front 15

Circadian Rhythm:

Back 15

biological clock that regulates our body rhythms of temperature and wakefulness on a 24 hour cycle.

Front 16

Our temperature rises in:

Back 16

morning

Front 17

Our temperature peaks:

Back 17

during the day

Front 18

Our temperature lowers in:

Back 18

the evening

Front 19

We think sharpest and have our best memory at:

Back 19

our circadian peak

Front 20

Old people's Circadian peak is:

Back 20

in the a.m.

Front 21

Younger people's Circadian peak is:

Back 21

in the p.m.

Front 22

Jet lag:

Back 22

occurs when we are awake when our circadian rhythm needs sleep. Sunlight and being outdoors helps.

Front 23

PMS:

Back 23

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.

causes irritation, mood swings, weight fluctuation, and breast tenderness

Front 24

NREM1:

Back 24

state between sleep and wakefulness. muscles are active, eyes roll slowly, opening and closing momentarily.

Front 25

NREM2:

Back 25

sleepers become gradually harder to awaken. Previous stage interrupted by activity called sleep spindles and K-complexes.

Front 26

NREM3:

Back 26

stage is called slow-wave sleep (SWS). Less responsive to environment, many environmental stimuli no longer produce any reaction

Front 27

REM (Rapid Eye Movement):

Back 27

most muscles are paralyzed, acetylcholine (ACH) secretion, inhibited by neurons that secrete serotonin. Signs indicate arousal.

Front 28

Each sleep stage lasts:

Back 28

90 minutes

Front 29

Sleep stage order:

Back 29

NREM1

NREM2

NREM3

NREM2

REM

Front 30

Alpha waves:

Back 30

slow brain waves, waves of a relaxed awake person.

Front 31

Delta waves:

Back 31

large slow brain waves of a person in deep sleep

Front 32

Sleep debt:

Back 32

our brain keeps a 2 week log and one night of long sleep wont pay it off.

Front 33

Sleep deprivation causes:

Back 33

low energy, weakened immunity, more accident prone, irritable, fatigue, and increases obesity.

Front 34

Sleep deprivation alters metabolic and hormonal functions in ways that:

Back 34

mimic aging and are conducive to obesity, hypertension, and memory impairment

Front 35

Sleep functions:

Back 35

recuperate: restores brain and body tissue.

grow: pituitary gland releases growth hormone.

helps rebuild and restore memories of the day's experience

Front 36

Insomnia:

Back 36

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

Front 37

Sleeping pills and alcohol aggravate:

Back 37

Insomnia because they reduce REM sleep

Front 38

Narcolepsy:

Back 38

periodic overwhelming sleepiness, usually lasts less than 5 minutes. Sometimes you fall right into REM sleep.

Front 39

People with Narcolepsy have an absence of:

Back 39

hypothalamic neural center that produces hyporetin

Front 40

Sleep apnea:

Back 40

when you stop breathing during sleep. Followed by arousal and breathing/snorting. Happens to 1 in 20 people. Can happen 400 times per night.

Front 41

Sleep apnea increases by:

Back 41

obesity

Front 42

sleep apnea deprives you of:

Back 42

Slow wave sleep (Delta waves)

Front 43

Night terrors:

Back 43

mostly affects children. May sit up, walk around, talk incoherently, have double heart and breath rate, and appear terrified. They wake up and recall little or nothing the next morning.

Front 44

Sleep walking and talking:

Back 44

runs in families. Usually harmless and not recalled. Usually decreases as the child ages, rare after age 40.

Front 45

Lucid Dreams:

Back 45

sufficiently awake during a dream to wonder if we are dreaming. We might test our state of consciousness. You can control dream.

Front 46

In REM sleep we respond to some stimuli such as:

Back 46

water spraying.

Front 47

Manifest content:

Back 47

According to Sigmund Freud, the story line of our dream that we remember. Censored version of Latent content.

Front 48

Latent content:

Back 48

According to Sigmund Freud, the conscious drives and wishes in our dream that would be threatening if expressed directly. You don't remember Latent content.

Front 49

Activation-synthesis theory:

Back 49

theory that dreams spring from the minds efforts to make sense of unrelated visual bursts which are given their emotional tone by the limbic system.

Front 50

REM rebound:

Back 50

our tendency to return quickly to REM sleep (and stay in REM sleep longer) after being awakened.

Front 51

Hypnosis:

Back 51

Social interaction where the hypnotist suggests to the subject that certain perceptions and thoughts are real

Front 52

Posthypnotic amnesia:

Back 52

told to forget what happens during hypnosis after you are out of the state of hypnosis. Forgotten material can be remembered on cues.

Front 53

Hypnosis cannot:

Back 53

recall forgotten events, force people to act against their will, help smoking or nail chewing.

Front 54

Hypnosis can:

Back 54

make people dip their hands in acid, help asthma, help headaches, help warts, help skin disorders,help obesity, and alleviate pain.

Front 55

Hypnosis theory 1: Dissociation

Back 55

you are split between different levels of consciousness.

Front 56

Hypnosis theory 2: Selective attention:

Back 56

pain is received in sensory cortex but nowhere else.

Front 57

Hypnotic phenomenon:

Back 57

extension of everyday behavior. You act like you think you should.

Front 58

Divided consciousness:

Back 58

dissociate cognition from behavior

Front 59

Psychoactive drugs:

Back 59

chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.

Front 60

Tolerance:

Back 60

continued use of psychoactive drugs, causes you to need more to feel the same high.

Front 61

Neuroadaptations:

Back 61

body's defense to change within the body

Front 62

Withdrawal:

Back 62

body's reaction to removal of drugs.

Front 63

Addiction applies to:

Back 63

repetitive behavior

Front 64

Depressants:

Back 64

calms neural activity and slows body functions

Front 65

Depressants ex.) :

Back 65

alcohol, tranquilizers, barbiturates, and opiates.

Front 66

Alcohol:

Back 66

depressant. Slows brain activity that controls judgement and inhibition. Increases harmful tendencies and helpful tendencies. Affects REM sleep and memory. Slows sympathetic nervous system

Front 67

Barbiturates (tranquilizers) :

Back 67

depressant. mimics alcohol effects. Depresses sympathetic nervous system. Induces sleep and reduces anxiety.

Front 68

Opiates (opium, morphine, heroin) :

Back 68

depressant. Depresses neural functions. Highly addictive. Natural endorphins will stop being produced

Front 69

Stimulants:

Back 69

speeds up body functions (heart/breathing). Decreases appetite but increases energy. Very addictive.

Front 70

Stimulants ex.) :

Back 70

caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine.

Front 71

Ecstasy:

Back 71

stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Triggers release of dopamine and serotonin. Opens receptors and releases dopamine and serotonin. Overtime will deplete natural opiates. Risks: dehydration, overheating, high blood pressure, death, depression, and suicide. Depletes serotonin.

Front 72

Hallucinogen ex.) :

Back 72

LSD (acid), marijuana

Front 73

LSD (acid) :

Back 73

hallucinogen. Mimics serotonin, triggers various emotions: euphoria to panic. Users expectations are important.

Front 74

Marijuana:

Back 74

Hallucinogen and depressant. Relaxes and lowers inhibitions, euphoric high, and mild hallucinogen. Experience and expectations affect the effect. Therapeutic relief for pain, nausea, glaucoma, and chemotherapy patients. Cancer causing smoke. Impairs motor, perception, and reaction time. May make brain more susceptible to cocaine or heroin addictions. Reversed tolerance: over time you need less to get high.

Front 75

Common threads within drugs:

Back 75

triggers negative effects after positive effects. High emotions trigger opposing emotions that grow stronger as drug use continues. User needs larger dose to get same high and to fight negative emotions.

Front 76

Who is more likely to use drugs:

Back 76

impulsive, fearless children

Front 77

alcohol is influenced by:

Back 77

heredity - deficiency in brain's natural dopamine.

Front 78

Near-death experience:

Back 78

people reported altered state of consciousness after close call with death. Similar to drug induced hallucination

Front 79

Cognitive Neuroscience:

Back 79

study of the brain activity linked with perception, thinking, memory, and language

Front 80

Dual processing:

Back 80

principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

Front 81

Blindsight:

Back 81

condition in which a person can respond to visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.

Front 82

Selective attention:

Back 82

focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

Front 83

Inattentional blindness:

Back 83

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.

Front 84

Change blindness:

Back 84

failing to notice changes in the environment

Front 85

Sleep:

Back 85

periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness.

Front 86

Hallucinations:

Back 86

false sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

Front 87

Dream:

Back 87

sequences of emotions, images, and thoughts running through a sleeping persons mind. later, difficult to remember.

Front 88

Posthypnotic suggestion:

Back 88

suggestion made during a hypnosis session that takes affect after the subject is no longer hypnotized. Used medically to control undesired symptoms and behaviors.

Front 89

Addiction:

Back 89

compulsive drug use and craving, despite consequences

Front 90

physical dependence:

Back 90

physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

Front 91

psychological dependence:

Back 91

psychological need of a drug used to relieve negative emotions

Front 92

Alcohol dependence:

Back 92

alcohol addiction. Includes tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and need to continue use

Front 93

Barbiturates:

Back 93

drugs that depress central nervous system. Reduces anxiety but impairs memory and judgement

Front 94

Opiates:

Back 94

morphine and heroin. Depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.

Front 95

Amphetamines:

Back 95

drugs that speed up body functions and neural activity. Energizes and causes mood changes

Front 96

Nicotine:

Back 96

stimulating and highly addictive drug in tobacco

Front 97

Methamphetamine:

Back 97

powerfully addictive drug. Stimulant that over time reduces dopamine levels

Front 98

THC:

Back 98

major active ingredient in Marijuana. Triggers variety of effects including mild hallucinations

Front 99

Cocaine/crack:

Back 99

stimulant. Blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Stays in synapse, intensifying normal mood. Can cause emotional disturbances, convulsions, cardiac arrest, and respiratory failure. Very big crash