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110 Cards in this Set

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What is the Courses of Prenatal Development?

(hint 4 parts)
1) Germinal Period
2) The Embryotic Period
3) Fetal Period
4) The Brain
Germinal Period
The period of prenatal development that takes place in the 1st two weeks after conception. it includes the creation of the zygote, continued cell division, & attachment of zygote to the uterine wall.
*rapid cell div.continues
through germinal period.
*"biological beginnings"
cell div. through mitosis.
Blastocyst
INNER MASS of cell that develops durinig the germinal period. These cells later develop into embryo.
Trophoblast
The OUTTER LAYER of cell that develops in the germinal period. These cells later provide nutrition & support for the embryo.
Embryonic Period
The period of prenatal development that occures 2-8 weeks after conception. During this period the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support system for the cell form, and organs appear.
*Begins as the blastocyst
attaches to uterine wall.
*After attachment
it isn't called blastocyst
anymore, its name is an
embryo (3 layers of cell
form)
Embryo has 3 Layer form During the Embryo Period
1) Endoderm
2) Mesoderm
3) Ectoderm
Endoderm
The inner layer of cells, which develops into digestive & respiratory systems.
* endo=in-do = inside &
* end=butt=digestion=poop
Mesoderm
Middle layer of cell, which becaomes the circulator system, bones, muscles, excretory system reproductive system.
Ectoderm
Outter layer of cell, which becaomes the nervous system & brain, sensory receptors (ears, nose, & eyes, for examples) and skin parts (Hair & nails, for example).
Amnion
The life-support system that is a thin bag or envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats.
Umbilical Cord
Contains 2 arteries & 1 vein, & connects the baby to the plecenta.
Plecenta
Consists of s disk-shaped groups of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother & the offspring interwine but don't join.
Organogenesis
Process of organ formation that takes place during the first 2 months of prenatal development.
Fetal Period
The prenatal period of development that begins 2 months after conception and lasts for 7 months on average.
3 Months After Conception
the fetus is about 3 inches long and weighs about 3 ounches.
*Became active moves arms
& legs, moving its head &
opening & closing its
mouth. Face, forehead,
eyelids, nose & chin are
distinguishable, as are
upper &lower arms, hands
& other lower limbs.
Viable
The earliest chance the fetus has a chance of surving out of the womb (viable) is about six months (24-25 weeks after conception) but 24-37weeks of pregancy usually need help breathing due to the lungs anen't fully mature.
Neurons
The term for nerve cells, which handle infomation processing at the celluar level.
By Birth How Many Neurons Does a Baby have?
They have approximately 100 billion neurons, or nerve cells, which handle information processing at a cellular level in the brain. (architecture of human brain is assembled during the 1st two trimesters by connecivity & functioning neurons.
Neurogenesis
The forming of neurons.
Neural Tube
As the human embryo develops inside its mothers' womb, the nervous system begins forming a long, hoolow tube located on the embryo's back. It is pear-shaped, which forms about 18-24 days after conception, develops out of the ectoderm.
* 2 birth defects related are
related to failure of the
neural tubeto close are
anencephaly & spina
bifida.
Neurogenesis
The formation of new neurons.
Deb Roy
videotaped his boy

A. Set up cameras in his home
B. Recording his son's development from birth to 3
C. Collected raw data of language
D. Stay at home moms have early talkers
By age 5 babies learn how many words?
up to 5,000
By age 5 chimpanzees could do what?
produce speech
Why can't animals vocalize words?
larynx is too high in throat to vocalize words... still have speech ability
By age 5 what do babies react to?
mother's voice
Chomsky theory on talking
ability to talk is innate
Forbidden experiment
raising a child in silence
What are the 2 case studies?
Feral children and Ofur Turnekofski
Feral children
a) Oxana; feral child in Ukraine
b) Had domestic exposure
Ofur Turnekofski
a) Isolated zebra finches
b) Had rudimentary mating songs
c) offspring
d) By 5th generation improved song
Who are the researchers for language development?
Watson, Chomsky, Brunner
There is a what in language development?
critical period
Watson
language was a learned result of behavior
Chomsky
a. language acquisition device
b.networks in brain to acquire language
Brunner
a. LAS (language acquisition system)
b. support sustem and socialization for language
prelinguistic vocalizations do not what?
do not represent objects or events
what are the prelinguistic vocalizations? (hint 5)
1. crying
2. cooing
3. babbling
4. echolalia
5. intonation
Cooing
vowel-like, pleasant feelings
Babbling
Vowels and consonants
Echolalia
repetition of vowel/consonant combinations
Intonation
patterns of rising and falling melodies
Rh factor
positive or negative
Blood types
A, B, O, AB
What is the problem with blood types?
if not compatible- needs shot so mother does not reject the fetus
environmental hazards
radiation (gene mutation), toxic waste, and other chemicals
Name all 5 maternal diseases
1. rubella
2. Syphilis
3. Genital herpes
4. AIDS
5. Diabetes
Rubella
german measles, effects prenatal development
Syphilis
a STD, Jess
blindness, skin lesions can occur during prenatal development
Genital herpes
1/3 dies during natural birth, 1/4 becomes brain damages, Caesarean can help spreading of virus
AIDS
Human deficiency virus
Destroys immune system
How can mother spread AIDS to child?
1. placenta
2. delivery because contact between babies and mothers fluids
3. breast feeding
Diabetes/ how is it passed on
high levels of sugar, passed on genetically only
Maternal diet effects baby...
1. being overweight before prego puts baby at risk
2. folic acid and B vitamin
Folic acid or lack of folic acid
linked to spina bifida, to avoid eat fish but watch for mercury and PCB
Maternal age/ result in what?
the greater the age the more the risks, can result in down syndrome
Stress and emotional stress effects
immune system effected, bad for baby, low stress linked to decline in preterm birth, linked to depression, happy mother=happy baby
Paternal factors
down syndrome 5% of kids have older dads, older father= increase chance of birth defects, both mom and dad = double trouble miscarriages
Smoking = ?
underdeveloped lungs, cancer
Parental age
35+ is bad
3 stages of birth processes
1. contractions
2. baby head start 2 move through birth canal
3. afterbirth
Contractions
dilate cervix 12-14hrs
2nd stage of birth process
continues till baby completely emerges from mothers body 45min-1hr
Afterbirth
placenta and umbilical cord and other members are detached, only lasts a few min
% of births in US
take place in hospitals, 99%
Midwives
norm in most of world especially Holland
Doula
1.caregiver physical, emotional, and education support, b4 during and after birth
2. proven studies to help child birth
Methods of Child Birth
1. Analgesics
2. Anesthesia
3. Oxytocin
4. Natural Child Birth
5. Prepared Child Birth
6. Cesarean Delivary
7. Water Birth
Define Analgesics
It is a method used to reduce pain
Types of Analgesics
1. Tranquilizers
2. Barbituates
3. Narcotics(most commomly used narcotic is demerol)
Anesthesia
It is given late 1st stage of labor and the 2nd stage. It can cause expulsion of the baby, block consciousness &sensation but transmitted through plecenta to fetus. Epidural block numbs from the waist down.
Oxytocin
relivavly safe, synthic hormones; pitocin is a synthetic of it. Oxytocin newborns w/low health ratings. However, some bbys have sm effects and others have more. Dosage is also a factor.
Natural Child Birth
Ames to reduce Mom's pain by decreasing fears by education. This method was dev. in 1914 by Grantly Dickread.
Grantly Dickread
Developed a method of child birth called Natural Child Birth in 1914.
Who Developed the Method of Child Birth Called Prepared Child Birth?
Ferinand Lamaze
maze=get to end=breathe
Define the Method of Child Birth Called Prepared Child Birth
It is simular to Natural Child Birth but includes specialized breathing technique (hehe-who) in final stage of labor and more independant anomy in physology course (after perparing women know how to give birth)
Cesarean Dilivery is...
Breach postionion butt first. Umbilical cord is around neck, like me. A Cesarean is the removal of baby through insision in abdomen.
Risks of an Cesarean Dilivery is...
It has a high rate if incection, longer hospital stays, greater expences and stress that accompany any surgery.
Where is Cesarean Dilivery Delivered More Than Anywhere Else in the World?
U.S.
Anoxia
Occures when it takes to long to be born. It is a condition the fetus got insuficent oxygen = brain damage.
Vernix Caseosa
It is the skin grease that is on the baby during the birth. It is a fatty substance, creations of dead cells. It is thought to protect the baby through the birth.
Water Birth
Giving birth in a tub of warm water.
Accupunctute
The use of needles applied to specific location of the mothers body during the birthing process in order to reduce pain.
Hypnoisis
It alters state of attension and awareness.
Music Therapy
It reduces stress and manage pain. It is increasingly being used. Few research studies have been held on its effectiveness.
Breech Position
The baby's position in the uterus that causes the buttocks to be the 1st part to emerge from the vaginia.
Measures of Neonatal Health & Development
1. Apgar scale
2. Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assesment Scale (NBAS)
3. Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)
3. Neonatal Int
Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assesment Scale aka NBAS
Test 24-36 hrs, neurological development, reflecxes and reaction to people
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale aka NNNS
Comprensive analyisis of newborns behavior neurological & stress responce & regitory responces & regular capitability.
Apgar scale
acesses health on a scale ranging 0-10 (1=bad, 10=gteat), at one minute after bither and then again five minutes after bith. It rates the babies heart beat, respitory efficiency, muscel tone, body color, reflex irribility

Herbert
Rubert
Must
Buy
Ribs

0-2 ver bad, 7-10 good ("C" or above)
low birth rate
less than 5.5 lbs
very low birth rate
under 3.5 lbs
extremely low birth rate
under 2lbs
Pretem babies
born 3 months or b4 pregnancy has reiched full term
Small for Date Infants
Baby with birth weith bellow normal considering length of pregnancy
Most Birth r=Rates of Preterm Babies are...
low and the cause varries.
Pretem and low birth are likely to have what?
health problems
Preterm
Low IQ, less effective processing skills, behavioral problems, learning disibilities (ADD,ADHD,Breathing porbs)
Low birth rate
tend to have social probs and are less likely to get married
Nurturing preterm ifants can do what?
some effects can be reduced or even reversed
Kangaroo care
ways to hold baby, skin to skin contact (23hrs a day)
breast feeding
most pop
massage therapy
can benifit infant & help labor pain
what do preterm babies lack?
they recieve less touch and are isolated
Post Partum Period
period after child birth mother adjusts physically and mentally, about 6 weeks or untill the mothers body completely recovers. It is the time the mother adjust physically, mentally, emotionally, and psychologically
Physical adjustment
either very energigized or exusted(called labor4 a reason), Fatigue can lead to depression, loss of sleep, changes in hormone production, drops in estrogen and progestragen drop very low, not breast feeding four to eight weeks and if breast feeding almost a year to get period but may be heavy but returns to normal.
Inovation
Uterous goes back to normal 5-6 weeks goes from 2-3 pounds to 2-3oz physical exercise helps restore body.
Post partum depression
Despair, hormonal change play part in depression, depress mom's touch baby's less (your fault)
Fathers
Go through emotional and phsycological change. More involved Dads are less likely to get depressed mothers.
Bonding
Closeness of parents to child. Some think bonding is needed after birth but evidence says it is but some believe it isn't. Rooming arangement.