Chapter 3

Front 1

Merocrine: how it releases product and locations

Back 1

- most glands
- Cells release their products by exocytosis
-saliva, digestive enzymes (pancreatic), sweat

Front 2

Apocrine: how it releases products and locations

Back 2

-Upper part of cell possibly pinches off and dies releasing -products
- Smelly sweat glands, (perhaps mammary glands?)

Front 3

Holocrine: how it releases products and locations

Back 3

- Whole cells die and rupture to release their products
- sebaceous glands (oil)

Front 4

‘-Blast’ type cells

Back 4

retain ability to divide and produce matrix (fibrobloasts, chonroblasts and osteoblasts)

Front 5

‘-Cyte’ type cells

Back 5

mature cells that can’t dvide or produce matrix (chondrocytes and osteocytes)

Front 6

Macrophages: function

Back 6

Engulf bacteria and derbis by phagocytosis

Front 7

Plasma cells: function

Back 7

Produce antibodies that fight against foreign substances

Front 8

Mast cells: function

Back 8

Produce antibodies that fight against foreign substances

Front 9

Adipocytes: function

Back 9

Fat cells; store fat

Front 10

Ground Substance in Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix: function and composition

Back 10

- Supports cells and fibers
- Helps determine the consistency of the matrix (fluid, gel or solid)
- Contains large organic molecules
- Complex combinations of polysaccharides and proteins

Front 11

Function and Types of Fibers in Connective Tissue of Extracellular Matrix

Back 11

- Strengthen and support connective tissue
- Collagen
- Elastic
- Reticular

Front 12

Collagen Fiber: properties

Back 12

tough, resistant to pull, yet pliable (25% of fiber in body)

Front 13

Elastic Fiber: properties and composition

Back 13

- strong; can stretch up to 150% of relaxed length and return to original shape
- made of elastin with an outer covering of fibrillin

Front 14

Reticular Fiber: properties and composition

Back 14

- thin, branched fibers that form framework of organs
- made of collagen

Front 15

Classification of Connective Tissues

Back 15

-Embryonic
-Mature

Front 16

Classification of Embryonic Connective Tissues

Back 16

- Mesenchyme
- Mucous

Front 17

Classification of Mature Connective Tissues

Back 17

- Loose connective tissue
- Dense connective tissue
- Cartilage
- Bone
- Liquid connective tissue

Front 18

Mesenchyme: structure and function

Back 18

- Embryonic
- Cells are irregularly shaped
- ground substance: semifluid with reticular fibers
- gives rise to all other types of connective tissues

Front 19

Mucous: structure and function

Back 19

- Embryonic
- Star shaped cells
- jelly-like ground substance
- only found in umbilical cord

Front 20

Loose Connective Tissues: structure and types

Back 20

- Mature
- Loosely woven fibers between cells
- areolar connective tissue
- adipose tissue
- reticular tissue

Front 21

Areolar: structure and function

Back 21

- Loose Connective
- Cells – fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes
- Fibers – elastic fibers, collagen fibers
- Ground substance – chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate
- Widely distributed in body – found in adipose tissue in subcutaneous layer that attaches skin to tissues and organs

Front 22

Adipose: structure and function

Back 22

- Loose connective
- Peripheral nuclei due to large fat storage droplet (triglycerides)
Reduces heat loss, energy storage, protection
- Found in deeper layers of skin, organ padding, yellow marrow
- Found wherever areolar c.t. is found
- White adipose tissue
- Brown adipose tissue
- Liposuction

Front 23

White adipose

Back 23

- a lot found in adults

Front 24

Brown adipose

Back 24

- a lot of mitochondria that cause brown colour
- good blood supply, generates more heat than white adipose
- good temperature regulation
- a lot found in newborns

Front 25

Reticular: structure and function

Back 25

- Loose connective
- Network of reticular fibers and reticular cells
- Produces supporting framework (stroma) of organs (liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow)
- Also filters blood (spleen); lymph (lymph nodes)

Front 26

Dense Connective Tissues: structure and types

Back 26

- More fibers, thicker and denser
- Fewer cells
- Dense regular connective tissue
- Dense irregular connective tissue
- Elastic connective tissue

Front 27

Difference between ligaments and tendons

Back 27

- Ligaments attach to bones
- Tendons attach to mucles

Front 28

Dense Regular Connective Tissue: structure and function

Back 28

- Fibers: collagen fibers in parallel bundles
- Cells: fibroblasts
- White, tough and pliable
- Withstands pulling along length of fibers (provides strong attachment)
- Tendons and ligaments

Front 29

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue: structure and function

Back 29

- Fibers: collagen, irregularly arranged (interwoven)
- Cells: Fibroblasts
- Tissue can resist tension from any direction
- Very tough tissue – white of eyeball, dermis of skin, periosteum

Front 30

Elastic Connective Tissue: structure and function

Back 30

- Dense connective tissue
- Fibers: branching elastic fibers
- Cells: fibroblasts
- Can stretch and still return to original shape
- Lung tissue, vocal cords, ligament between vertebrae

Front 31

Cartilage: structure and types

Back 31

- Network of fibers in rubbery ground substance
- Resilient and can endure more stress than loose or dense connective tissue
- Types of cartilage:
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

Front 32

Hyaline: structure and function

Back 32

- cartilage
- Bluish-shiny white ground substance with fine collagen fibers
- Chondrocytes in lacunae
- No blood vessels or nerves - repair is very slow
- Reduces friction at joints; also found on anterior ends of ribs, nose, trachea, bronchi
- Also found in embryonic and fetal skeleton

Front 33

Fibrocartilage: structure and function

Back 33

- Many more collagen fibers
- Strongest type of cartilage
- Found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci (cartilage pads in knee)

Front 34

Elastic Cartilage

Back 34

- Elastic fibers help maintain shape after deformations
- External ear, eustachian tubes, epiglottis

Front 35

Bone (Osseous) Tissue: function and types

Back 35

- Protects, provides for movement, stores minerals (calcium, phosphorus), site of blood cell formation (red marrow), stores triglycerides (yellow marrow).
- Types:
Compact bone
Spongy bone

Front 36

Compact Bone: structure and function

Back 36

-Osteon = lamellae (rings) of mineralized matrix:
Calcium and phosphate – provides hardness; Interwoven collagen fibers – provides strength
- Osteocytes in spaces (lacunae) in between lamellae
- Canaliculi (tiny canals) connect cell to cell

Front 37

Spongy Bone: structure and function

Back 37

- Sponge-like with spaces and trabeculae
trabeculae = struts of bone surrounded by red bone marrow
no osteons
-Trabeculae contain: lamallae, osteocytes, lacanae and canaliculi

Front 38

Liquid Connective Tissue: Blood...structure and function

Back 38

- Liquid matrix = the plasma
- Cell types = red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes) and cell fragments called platelets
- Provide clotting, immune functions, carry O2 and CO2

Front 39

Liquid Connective Tissue: Lymph... structure and function

Back 39

- Extracellular fluid transported in lymphatic vessels
- Several cell types in liquid extracellular matrix
- Contains less protein than blood plasma
- Composition of lymph differs from one part of the body to another

Front 40

Membranes: structure and types

Back 40

- Flat sheets of flexible tissue covering or lining a part of the body
- Epithelial membranes
- Synovial membranes

Front 41

Epithelial membrane types

Back 41

- Epithelial layer + connective tissue layer:
Mucous membranes
Serous membranes
Cutaneous membrane

Front 42

Synovial membranes structure and function

Back 42

- Connective tissue but no epithelium
- line joints

Front 43

Mucous Membranes: structure and function

Back 43

- Epithelial membrane
- Lines a body cavity that opens to the outside
ex. mouth, vagina, anus etc.
- Epithelial cells form a barrier to microbes
- Tight junctions between cells
- Mucous is secreted from underlying glands to keep surface moist

Front 44

Serous Membranes: structure and function

Back 44

- Epithelial membrane
- Simple squamous cells overlying loose CT layer
- Squamous cells secrete serous fluid
- Lines a body cavity that does not open to the outside such as chest or abdominal cavity

Front 45

Cutaneous Membranes: structure and function

Back 45

- Epithelial membrane
- Skin – covers entire body surface
- Made up of epidermis and dermis:
Epidermis- keratinized, stratified, squamous epethelium (protection)
Dermis – connective tissue (areolar, dense irregular)

Front 46

Synovial Membranes: structure and function

Back 46

- Line joint cavities of all freely movable joints
- No epithelial cells - just special cells (synoviocytes) that secrete slippery fluid (synovial fluid)

Front 47

Muscle: function and types

Back 47

- Elongated cells (muscle fibres) that shorten
- Provide us with motion, posture and heat
- Types of muscle:
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle

Front 48

Skeletal Muscle: structure and function

Back 48

- Cells are long cylinders with many peripheral nuclei
- Visible light and dark banding (looks striated)
- Voluntary or conscious control

Front 49

Cardiac Muscle: structure and function

Back 49

- Cells are branched cylinders with one central nuclei
- Involuntary and striated
- Attached to and communicate with each other by intercalated discs and desmosomes

Front 50

Smooth Muscle: structure and function

Back 50

- Spindle shaped cells with a single central nuclei
- Walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, GI tract, bladder)
- Involuntary and nonstriated

Front 51

Nerve Tissue: structure and function

Back 51

- Cell types:
nerve cells
neuroglial (supporting) cells
- Nerve cell structure:
nucleus and long cell processes conduct nerve signals
dendrite
axon