Chapter 27: The Male Reproductive System

Front 1

THe ductus deferens develops from the ___ of the embryo.

Back 1

mesonephric duct

Front 2

The protein that clots and causes the stickiness of semen is ___.

Back 2

seminogelin

Front 3

the expulsion of semen occurs when the bulbospongiosus muscle is stimulated by ___

Back 3

somatic efferent neurons

Front 4

prior to ejaculation, sperm are stored primarily in ____

Back 4

the epididymis

Front 5

the penis is attached to thepublic arch by crura of ___

Back 5

the corpus cavernosa

Front 6

the first hormone secreted at the onset of puberty is ___

Back 6

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Front 7

when it is necessary to reduce sperm production without reducing testosterone secretion, the sustentacular cells secrete____

Back 7

inhibin

Front 8

four spermatozoa arise from each ____

Back 8

type B spermatogonium

Front 9

the point in meiosis at which sister chromatids separate from each other is ____

Back 9

anaphase II

Front 10

blood is forced out of the penile lacunae by contraction of the ____ muscles

Back 10

trabecular

Front 11

under the influence of androgens, the embryonic ____ duct develops into the male reproductive tract

Back 11

mesonephric

Front 12

spermatozoa obtain energy for locomotion from ____ in the semen

Back 12

fructose

Front 13

the ____, a network of veins in the spermatic cord, helps keep the testes cooler than the core body temperature

Back 13

pampiniform plexus

Front 14

all germ cells beginning with the ___ are genetically different from the rest of the body cells and therefore must be protected by the blood-testis barrier

Back 14

secondary spermatocytes

Front 15

the corpora cavernosa as well as the testes have a fibrous capsule called the ___

Back 15

tunica albuginea

Front 16

Over half of the semen consists of secretions from a pair of glands called the ___

Back 16

seminal vesicles

Front 17

the blood-testis barrier is formed by tight junctions between the ___ cells

Back 17

sustentacular

Front 18

the earliest haploid stage of spermatogenesis is the ___

Back 18

secondary spermatocyte

Front 19

Erection of the penis occurs when nitric oxide cause the ___ arteries to dialate.

Back 19

deep

Front 20

a sperm penetrates the egg by means of enzymes in its ___

Back 20

acrosome

Front 21

The male scrotum is homologous to the female____

Back 21

labia majora

Front 22

___ cannot develop at core body temperature

Back 22

sperm

Front 23

_____ stimulates the testes to secrete testosterone

Back 23

Luteinizing hormone

Front 24

the primary sex organ of the male is the ___

Back 24

testes

Front 25

a high testosterone level makes a fetus develop a male reproductive system, and a ______ level makes it develop a female reproductive system

Back 25

low testosterone

Front 26

most of the semen is produced by the ___

Back 26

seminal vesicles

Front 27

the pampiniform plexus serves to...

Back 27

keep the testes from overheating

Front 28

prior to ejaculation, sperm are stored mainly in the

Back 28

epididymus

Front 29

Erection is caused by parasympathetic stimulation of the ___

Back 29

penile arteries

Front 30

another name for androgen-insensitivity syndrome is...

Back 30

testicular feminization

Front 31

what structure develops from the genital tubercle?

Back 31

the head (glans) of the penis

Front 32

The urogenital folds fuse to ______ in the male embryo

Back 32

close the urethra, joining the phallus to form the penis

Front 33

The labrioscrotal folds fuse to form the ___ in a male baby

Back 33

scrotum

Front 34

THe descent of the testes

Back 34

starts near the kidneys, passes between internal and external abd. oblique muscles, into scrotal swelling, through the inguinal canal into the scrotum

Front 35

Why does enlargement of the prostate gland interfere with urination?

Back 35

because the prostate gland completely surrounds the prostatic urethra

Front 36

the prostate gland weighs about 20 grams by age__

Back 36

20

Front 37

About age ___ the prostate begins to grow again

Back 37

45

Front 38

by age 70, over 90% of men show some degree of ____

Back 38

benign prostatic hyperplasia

Front 39

Prostate cancer is the second most common CA in men (after lung cancer) affecting about __% of men by age 50

Back 39

9

Front 40

prostate cancer is very uncommon in what ethnic group?

Back 40

japanese

Front 41

prostate CA

Back 41

about 80% of men survive when it is detected and treated early; only 10-50% survive if it spreads beyond the prostatic capsule

Front 42

why is it important that the corpus spongiosum remain less engorged with blood than the corpus cavernosa during erection?

Back 42

the corpus spongiosum surrounds the urethra which allows for expulsion of semen

Front 43

two muscles that help regulate the temp of the testes

Back 43

-the cremaster muscle (closer to testis than the other; pulls testes closer to body when cold)
-the dartos muscle (outside of the cremaster muscle; contracts when cold to make the scrotum taut and wrinkled)

Front 44

3 different types of cells found in the testes

Back 44

-intersitial (leydig) cells- source of testosterone
-germ cells
-sustentacular (Sertoli) cells- protect germ cells and promote their development;secrete inhibin

Front 45

path of sperm

Back 45

leave the testis; efferent ductules; duct of the epididymus; vas deferens; ejaculatory duct where vas deferens and seminal vesicle meet; through prostate gland; emptied into urethra

Front 46

the increasing number of male wildlife has been attributed to chemical pollutants called

Back 46

endocrine disruptors or estrogen mimics

Front 47

How many chromosomes does a cell have?

Back 47

46 chromosomes (23 pair)

Front 48

Conclusion of Meiosis I

Back 48

2 haploid cells

Front 49

Conclusion of Meiosis II

Back 49

4 haploid cells

Front 50

stages of speratogenesis
*hopefully this is right!

Back 50

spermatogonium; primary spermatocyte; secondary spermatocyte; spermatids; spermiogenesis; spermatozoon

Front 51

3 Major Parts of the Spermatozoon

Back 51

1. HEAD: contains nucleus, acrosome, flagellar basal body
2. MIDPIECE of tail: contains numerous large mitochondria that coil tightly around axoneme
3. PRINCIPAL PIECE of tail: constitues most of tail; consists of the axoneme surrounded by a sheath of fibers

Front 52

3 bacterial STD's

Back 52

chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis

Front 53

3 viral STD's

Back 53

genital herpes, genital warts, hepatitis

Front 54

___ is the most common bacterial STD in the U.S. with 3-5 million cases per year

Back 54

Chlamydia

Front 55

What is the most common STD (viral and bacterial combined) affecting 20-40 million with 500,000 new cases each year

Back 55

genital herpes

Front 56

what is the most rapidly increasing STD?

Back 56

genital warts.. comes from 60+ viruses collectively known as HPV

Front 57

Sterility may result from uncorrected ___, or undescended testes.

Back 57

cryptorchidism

Front 58

Spermatozoa are produced in minute ducts called ___

Back 58

seminiferous tubules

Front 59

Testosterone is secreted by ___ cells of the testes.

Back 59

interstitial (Leydig) cells

Front 60

The ___ is a countercurrent heat exchanger that keeps the testis cool.

Back 60

pampiniform plexus

Front 61

Until ejaculation, most sperm are stored in ___

Back 61

THE EPIDIDYMUS

Front 62

about 30% of the semen is produced by the ___, a medial gland that encloses part of the urethra

Back 62

prostate

Front 63

THe blood-testis barrier is formed by tight junctions between the ___ cells of the testis

Back 63

sustentacular (sertoli)

Front 64

erection results largely from vasocongestion of the two ___ on the dorsal side of the penis

Back 64

corpus cavernosum

Front 65

a sperm penetrates an egg by means of enzymes from its ___

Back 65

acrosome

Front 66

the first haploid cell produced in spermatogenesis is the ___

Back 66

secondary spermatocyte

Front 67

Are primary spermatocytes haploid or diploid?

Back 67

diploid

Front 68

THe ___ of the vagina would be harmful to sperm if it were not neutralized by the semen.

Back 68

acidity

Front 69

does the corpus cavernosum or the corpus spongiosum become more vasocongested in erection

Back 69

corpora cavernosa

Front 70

Testosterone has no effect on spermatogenesis unless _____ hormone is present

Back 70

follicle stimulating hormone

Front 71

Sperm heads are embedded in the ____ cells until the spermatozoa are mature.

Back 71

sustentacular cells

Front 72

the embryonic prescursor of the male reproductive tract is ___

Back 72

the mesonephric duct

Front 73

secretions from the ____ constitute 60% of the semen.

Back 73

seminal vesicles

Front 74

the inability to produce __ would result in impotence.

Back 74

nitric oxide

Front 75

The ___ form the blood-testis barrier

Back 75

sertoli (sustentacular) cells

Front 76

male secondary sex characteristic:

Back 76

beard

Front 77

the cord that guides the descending testes into the fetal scrotum

Back 77

spermatic cord

Front 78

the muscle that elevates and lowers the scrotum

Back 78

cremaster

Front 79

after age fifty, FSH and LH levels rise significantly and this is known as

Back 79

male climateric

Front 80

minute blood sinuses in the erectile tissues of the penis is known as

Back 80

lacunae

Front 81

Inhibin that selectively suppresses its secretion is known as ____

Back 81

Follicle-stimulating Hormone

Front 82

the final cellular transformation in the production of spermatozoa is called ____

Back 82

spermiogenesis

Front 83

when all sexually reproducing species of animals are considered, the one characteristic that most defines a female is ____

Back 83

production of the larger gamete

Front 84

what is a female secondary sex organ?

Back 84

uterus

Front 85

the genetic sex of a child is determined by

Back 85

the sperm

Front 86

mullerian-inhibiting factor causes

Back 86

regression of the paramesonephric ducts

Front 87

testis-determining factor is found in or on

Back 87

the Y chromosome

Front 88

Hypospadias is a birth defect that results from

Back 88

urethral opening on the side of the penis

Front 89

testosterone is an example of an

Back 89

androgen

Front 90

the germinal epithelium of the testis consists of germ cells and

Back 90

sustentacular cells

Front 91

to get fromthe testis to the epididymus, sperm must pass through

Back 91

efferent ductules

Front 92

men have only one ___ but have two bulbourethral glands, ejaculatory ducts, seminal vesicles and corpus cavernosum

Back 92

prostate gland

Front 93

the heat exchanger that prevents afferent blood from overheating the testes is the

Back 93

pampiniform plexus

Front 94

mitochondria are found in the ___ of a spermatozoon

Back 94

midpiece

Front 95

the foreskin of the penis is called

Back 95

the prepuce

Front 96

the smooth muscle layer in the wall of the scrotum is called

Back 96

the tunica dartos

Front 97

until ejaculation, sperm are mainly stored in

Back 97

the epididymus

Front 98

vasectomy, a procedure for surgical sterilization of the male, entails removal of part of the

Back 98

ductus deferens

Front 99

fibrinogen, a clotting protein, is found not only in the blood but also in the secretion of

Back 99

the seminal vesicles

Front 100

the cell in spermatogenesis that undergoes meiosis I is

Back 100

a primary spermatocyte

Front 101

a spermatozoon secretes enzymes from its ___ to penetrate the egg

Back 101

acrosome

Front 102

the energy for sperm motility comes from

Back 102

fructose

Front 103

one of the major processes that transforms a spermatid into a spermatozoon is

Back 103

the loss of excess cytoplasm

Front 104

most of the semen consists of the secretion from

Back 104

the seminal vesicles

Front 105

the lacunae of the corpora cavernosa receive blood directly from

Back 105

the helicine arteries

Front 106

the cell that migrates from the outside to the inside of the blood-testis barrier is ___

Back 106

a type B spermatocyte

Front 107

the peristalic propulsion of sperm along the ductus deferens is called ___

Back 107

emission

Front 108

penile cancer has been linked to human papilloma cancer. what other conditions is this cancer related to?

Back 108

non-retractable foreskins

Front 109

the penis of a male embryo develops from

Back 109

the phallus

Front 110

the testes receive a poor oxygen supply mainly because

Back 110

the testicular artery has a very low BP

Front 111

the bulbocavernosus muscle does not play a role in ___

Back 111

thermoregulation of the testes

Front 112

Seminiferous tubule is NOT a

Back 112

spermatic duct

Front 113

at what stage does a developing sperm cell begin to grow a tail?

Back 113

spermatid

Front 114

half of the penis, called its ___, is internal and normally cannot be seen.

Back 114

root

Front 115

the forcible expulsion of semen in ejacuation results from spasmodic contractions of ___

Back 115

the bulbocavernosus muscle

Front 116

the first hormone to trigger the changes of puberty is

Back 116

gonadotopin-releasing hormone

Front 117

what is a hormonal change that contributes to male clinacteric

Back 117

elevated secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone

Front 118

in gametogenesis, the genetic composition of each chromosome is changed by the process of

Back 118

crossing-over

Front 119

when a cell divides by meiosis, it ultimately produces ___ daughter cells

Back 119

4

Front 120

the most important role of meiosis in sexual reproduction is

Back 120

to prevent the chromosome number from doubling in each generation

Front 121

contractions of the female reproductive tract may be stimulated by ___ in the semen

Back 121

prostaglandins

Front 122

the male penis is homologus with the ___ of the female

Back 122

clitoris

Front 123

the saclike extension of the peritoneum that covers the anterior and lateral surface of the testes is called

Back 123

tunica vaginalis

Front 124

the creaster muscle

Back 124

is a skeletal muscle that draws the testes closer to the body to keep them warm

Front 125

the optimal temp for sperm production is

Back 125

35 degrees celsius

Front 126

Secretions from the seminal vesicles empty into the

Back 126

ejaculatory duct

Front 127

secretions from the __ lubricate the head of the penis and neutralize acidity from the residual urine in the urethra.

Back 127

bulbourethral glands

Front 128

which hormone stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

Back 128

luteinizing hormone

Front 129

correct order of spermatogenesis:

Back 129

spermatogonium; primary spermatocyte; secondary spermatocyte; spermatids; spermatozoa

Front 130

Meiosis II is the process by which ___ become ___

Back 130

secondary spermatocytes becomes spermatids

Front 131

Viagra prolongs erection by

Back 131

inhibiting degradation of cGMP

Front 132

The excitement phase is NOT charactized by

Back 132

decreased BP

Front 133

the excitement phase of the male sexual response is stimulated by

Back 133

efferent parasympathetic signals from the sacral region of the spinal cord

Front 134

the orgasm-emission phase of the male sexual response is sitmulated by

Back 134

efferent sympathetic signals from the lumbar region of the spinal cord

Front 135

the parasympathetic division does not cause

Back 135

peristalsis of the ductus deferens

Front 136

persons with androgen-insensitivity syndrome have all of the following except

Back 136

ovaries, vagina and uterus

Front 137

type B spermatogonium gives rise to

Back 137

two secondary spermatocytes

Front 138

in the process of spermiogenesis ___ become ___

Back 138

spermatids; spermatozoa

Front 139

the erectile tissue of the penis that passes along the ventral side of the penis and encloses the penile urethra is the

Back 139

corpus spongiosum

Front 140

High levels of testosterone will inhibit the

Back 140

hypothalamus

Front 141

what hormone directly stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics?

Back 141

testosterone

Front 142

a normal sperm count is

Back 142

50-120 million sperm/ml semen

Front 143

a sperm count lower than ___ is usually associated with infertility

Back 143

20-25 million sperm/ml semen

Front 144

sterility refers to the

Back 144

inability to fertilize an egg

Front 145

semen does not contain

Back 145

spermatogonia

Front 146

dilation of ___ cause the lacunae to fill with blood and the penis becomes erect.

Back 146

deep artery