Chapter 26

Front 1

Neurosecretory cells

Back 1

participate in the nervous and endocrine systems.

Front 2

Compared to the endocrine system, the nervous system

Back 2

has a faster response, but the signal does not last as long.

Front 3

How are hormones distributed to tissues, and what determines which cells hormones will affect?

Back 3

They are carried throughout the body in the bloodstream, and each hormone affects target cells responsive to it.

Front 4

Nonsteroid hormones are synthesized from

Back 4

amino acids

Front 5

Which of the following options lists the sequence of events in the cell-signaling process in the correct order?

Back 5

reception, transduction, cell response

Front 6

Why must some hormones bind to a membrane receptor on a target cell's surface in order to activate it?

Back 6

bc they cannot cross cell membranes

Front 7

A target cell that is affected by a particular steroid hormone would be expected to have

Back 7

an intracellular receptor protein that binds the hormone.

Front 8

Steroid hormones are lipids made from

Back 8

cholesterol.

Front 9

Which of the following hormones stimulates and maintains metabolic processes?

Back 9

thyroxine

Front 10

Which of the following is considered to be a major endocrine gland?

Back 10

adrenal gland

Front 11

Steroid hormones, the main type of hormones that actually enter target cells, are produced by the _____.

Back 11

sex organs and the cortex of the adrenal gland

Front 12

Which of the following statements about glands and hormones is true?

Back 12

The anterior pituitary is composed of endocrine cells.

Front 13

The posterior pituitary is a component of the pituitary gland that _____.

Back 13

is composed of nerve tissue that connects directly to the brain

Front 14

Neurosecretory cells can be found in the _____.

Back 14

hypothalamus

Front 15

Which one of the following is a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary?

Back 15

oxytocin

Front 16

Which of the following hormones would be produced by a mother in response to the cry of a hungry infant?

Back 16

oxytocin

Front 17

An excess of T3 and T4 in the blood is hyperthyroidism, which in its most common form is called

Back 17

graves disease

Front 18

Which gland requires the element iodine to produce its hormones?

Back 18

thyroid

Front 19

How is the level of thyroxine in the blood regulated?

Back 19

Thyroxine and TSH inhibit the secretion of TRH.

Front 20

Hyperthyroidism, typically characterized by a high metabolic rate and high blood pressure, might be expected when _____.

Back 20

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration is high

Front 21

Which of the following hormones causes glucose release and, consequently, a rise in the concentration of sugar in the blood?

Back 21

glucagon

Front 22

When the concentration of glucose in the blood rises following digestion of a meal, what is the hormonal response?

Back 22

Insulin is released but not glucagon.

Front 23

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship of insulin to glucagon?

Back 23

They are antagonistic hormones.

Front 24

Which gland exerts primary control over the concentration of sugar in the blood?

Back 24

pancreas

Front 25

Which of the following is associated with obesity, often does not show up until after the age of 40, and occurs because cells of the body fail to respond adequately to insulin?

Back 25

type 2 diabetes

Front 26

What is the metabolic abnormality that underlies the characteristic symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

Back 26

an inability of the body's cells to absorb enough glucose from the blood

Front 27

Type I diabetes mellitus _____.

Back 27

is an autoimmune disease that develops following an immune attack on pancreatic cells
(This form of diabetes typically occurs in children; it is treated with insulin injections.)

Front 28

Which of the following hormones can suppress the body's immune system when administered for extended periods of time?

Back 28

glucocorticoids

Front 29

Which of the following glands secretes hormones that enable the body to respond to stress?

Back 29

adrenal

Front 30

Which of the following glands is located nearest the kidneys?

Back 30

adrenal glands

Front 31

Which is a true statement about the adrenal medulla?

Back 31

It takes orders directly from the brain through the nerves.

Front 32

In response to short-term stress, the medulla of the adrenal glands produces _____ hormones.

Back 32

fight-or-flight response

Front 33

Androgens stimulate

Back 33

growth of facial hair in humans.

Front 34

Which of the following is one of the three major categories of sex hormones?

Back 34

estrogens

Front 35

Which of these glands secretes releasing hormones?

Back 35

hypothalamus

Front 36

Which of these hormones are responsible for the "fight or flight" response to danger?

Back 36

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 37

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) triggers the release of _____ in response to stress.

Back 37

glucocorticoids
(In response to stress, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids.)

Front 38

_____ are the main male hormones.

Back 38

androgens

Front 39

What hormone promotes water retention by the kidneys?

Back 39

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 40

Which hormone opposes the action of parathyroid hormone?

Back 40

calcitonin

Front 41

Which hormone stimulates hormone production by the ovaries and testes?

Back 41

luteinizing hormone (LH)

(LH stimulates hormone production by both the ovaries and testes.)

Front 42

Which hormone stimulates milk production?

Back 42

prolactin

Prolactin, secreted by the anterior pituitary, stimulates milk production by the mammary glands.

Front 43

Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located in _____.

Back 43

association with a cell's plasma membrane

Front 44

Which of these is a nonsteroid hormone?

Back 44

epinephrine and oxytocin

Front 45

How do nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones?

Back 45

nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways; steroid hormones do not act via signal transduction pathways

Since they do not enter the cell, nonsteroid hormones act via signal transduction pathways.

Front 46

Which of these extracellular signal molecules could diffuse through a plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor?

Back 46

estrogen
(Steroid hormones such as estrogen can diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors.)

Front 47

The primary reason steroid hormones usually act slowly is that _____.

Back 47

they turn genes on or off and it takes time for gene products to build up or become depleted

This is the primary reason that steroid hormones usually act slowly.

Front 48

Steroid hormone-receptor complexes act in _____.

Back 48

the nucleus

(Steroid hormone-receptor complexes bind to DNA, where they affect transcription.)

Front 49

From which part of the pituitary are hypothalamic hormones such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin released?

Back 49

Posterior pituitary

(Hormones from the hypothalamus are released from the posterior pituitary, which does not produce its own hormones).

Front 50

How do hormones from the hypothalamus get to the anterior pituitary gland?

Back 50

They are released near a capillary bed in the hypothalamus and travel a short distance to a second capillary bed in the pituitary, where they diffuse out around the cells of the anterior pituitary.