Chapter 25: The Digestive System

Front 1

A serous membrane that extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

Back 1

Lesser omentum

Front 2

The starch digesting enzymes of the saliva and pancreatic juice are called

Back 2

amylases

Front 3

activities of different regions of the digestive tract are coordinated with each other through the ____ nerve plexus between two layers of the muscularis externa

Back 3

myenteric

Front 4

this gland is located halfway along the mandible bone, just deep to the mylohyoid muscle and empties into the mouth near the lower central incisors

Back 4

submandibular

Front 5

the tissue that constitutes most of the bulk of a tooth

Back 5

dentin

Front 6

tissue layers of the digestive tract from the lumen to external surface

Back 6

lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Front 7

where is the swallowing center located?

Back 7

the brainstem

Front 8

cholesterol can be ____ without being _____

Back 8

absorbed; digested

Front 9

most of the GI tract is composed of a ____ epithelium

Back 9

simple columnar

Front 10

the oral cavity through the esophagus and lower anal canal are composed of a ____ epithelium

Back 10

nonkeratonized stratified squamous

Front 11

this tissue layer consists of a thick layer of loose CT containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, a nerve plexus, and in some places, glands that secrete a lubricating mucus into the lumen

Back 11

tunica submucosa

Front 12

the outer tunic in the oral cavity, pharynx, most of the esophagus, and the recturm is composed of a fibrous CT layer called the

Back 12

adventitia

Front 13

the tunica mucosa contains smooth muscle called the ___, which is stimulated by the ___plexus.

Back 13

muscularis mucosae; submucosal

Front 14

the extension of the peritoneym that loosely covers thesmall intestine like an apron is the ___, while the extension of the peritoneum that anchors much of the large intestine is the ___.

Back 14

greater omentum; mesocolon

Front 15

inflammation of the greater or lesser omentum, mesentery, or mesocolon is called:

Back 15

peritonitis

Front 16

what closes off the nasopharynx when you swallow?

Back 16

uvula

Front 17

the tongue has a ___ epithelium and the site of the taste buds called___

Back 17

nonkeratonized stratified squamous; papillae

Front 18

Infants have ___ deciduous teeth

Back 18

20

Front 19

adults have ___ permanent teeth

Back 19

32

Front 20

an individual has an impacted tooth. this tooth is most likely the ___

Back 20

third molar

Front 21

the tooth is anchored to the alveolar bone by the ___

Back 21

peridontal ligament

Front 22

gingivitis is

Back 22

gum inflammation

Front 23

what is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults?

Back 23

gingivitis

Front 24

most of the tooth consists of a hard, yellowish tissue called

Back 24

dentin

Front 25

the dentin of the tooth is covered by a hard layer of calcium phosphate crystals called ___

Back 25

enamel

Front 26

the two living parts of the tooth are

Back 26

dentin and cementum

Front 27

if you were to follow a molecule of glucose from the artery outside the tooth to an odontoblast in the dentin. the pathway glucose would take is

Back 27

apical foramen; root canal; pulp cavity

Front 28

salivary glands produce ___, which inhibits bacterial growth

Back 28

IgA

Front 29

Lingual lipase and lysozymes are produced by ___ salivary glands

Back 29

intrinsic

Front 30

Mumps are often caused by a viral infection of the ___ salivary glands.

Back 30

parotid

Front 31

the esophagus pierces through the diaphragm at the ___, and its submucosa contains ___ glands that secrete mucus.

Back 31

hiatus; esophageal

Front 32

what nerve plexus controls peristalsis and other contractions of the muscularis externa

Back 32

the myenteric plexus

Front 33

what controls the movements of the muscularis mucosae and glandular secretion of the mucosa

Back 33

the submucosal plexus

Front 34

what is the term for the serous membrane that suspends the intestines from the abdominal wall?

Back 34

greater omentum

Front 35

which physiologic process of the digestive system truly moves a nutrient from the outside to the inside of the body?

Back 35

absorption

Front 36

what do vitamins, free amino acids, minerals, cholesterol, and water all have in common?

Back 36

they are absorbed without being digested

Front 37

3 extrinsic salivary glands

Back 37

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Front 38

Do intrinsic or extrinsic secrete saliva at a relatively constant rate?

Back 38

intrinsic

Front 39

what actions prevent the pharynx from forcing food back into the mouth or nose?

Back 39

1. root of to ngue blocks oral cavity
2. the soft palate rises and blocks the nasopharynx
3. epiglottis covers the opening of the layrnx and vestibular folds cover the airway

Front 40

bacteria and sugars form a sticky residue on teeth called

Back 40

plaque

Front 41

the acids released by the buildup of plaque dissolve the mineral of ___ and ___

Back 41

dentin and enamel

Front 42

cavities are aka

Back 42

dental caries

Front 43

if not repaired, ___ may fully penetrate the dentin and spread to the pulp cavity

Back 43

dental caries

Front 44

what is root canal therapy

Back 44

extraction of the pulp and replace it with inert material

Front 45

when plaque calcifies on the tooth surface, it is called

Back 45

calculus (tartar)

Front 46

about 86% of people over the age of 70 have _______ and many suffer tooth loss as a result. this accounts for 80-90% of adult tooth loss.

Back 46

periodontal disease

Front 47

what is gastritis?

Back 47

inflammation of the stomach; can lead to peptic ulcer as pepsin and hydrochloric acid erode the stomach wall

Front 48

peptic ulcers occur more commonly in the ____ and occasionally the ___

Back 48

duodenum and occasionally the esophagus

Front 49

If untreated, peptic ulcers can..

Back 49

perforate the organ and cause fatal hemorrhaging or peritonitis

Front 50

Risk factors for peptic ulcers:

Back 50

presence of Helicobacter pylori bacteria, smoking, use of aspirin or NSAIDS

Front 51

Antibiotics and pepto-bismol treatment success rate vs. Tagament

Back 51

90% cure rate vs. 20-30% for Tagament. the most effective is also a lot less expensive

Front 52

Gallstones, aka ____, are hard masses in the gallbladder or bile ducts

Back 52

biliary calculi

Front 53

_____ are usually composed of cholesterol, calcium carbonate, and bilirubin

Back 53

gallstones

Front 54

what is cholelithiasis

Back 54

formation of gallstones; commone in obese women over the age of forty and usually results from excess cholesterol

Front 55

when gallstones block the flow of bile into the duodenum, they can cause:

Back 55

>jaundice
>poor fat digestion
>impaired absorption of fat soluble vitamins