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35 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is any disturbance in aperson's, it normal balanced state?
Stress
What is a stimulus that a person perceive's as a challenge or threat
Stressor
When stress occurs it produce's a voluntary and involuntary ____ _____ aimed at restoring equilibrium (balance, homeostasis)is.
coping response
This type of stress can threatened your health?
Distress
This type of stress is protective (good stress)
eustress
Something that happens to a person such as a death in the family or room being too hot can be what?
External Stressor
If a pt has an anxiety attach he/she is experiencing what?
Internal stressor
These stressor can be predicted to occur at various stages of life
Developmental Stressor
These stressor are unpredictable such as car accident?
Situational Stressor
What type of stressor would affect a body structure of function?
Physiological
What type of stressor woud arise from work, family dynamics, living situation, social relationships and other aspects of ADL's
Psychological
What are the tinking processes and behaviors a person uses to manage stressors?
Coping strategies
If you attempt to remove or change the stressor?
Altering
If you change your thoughts and behavior related to the stressor?
Adapring
If your mother irritates you and you have attempted to make your relationship better, however it has not work so you decide on severe your contact with her. You are doing what with the stressor
Avoiding
Infants and the very old may lack the physiological reserve to adapt to physical stressors such as?
Temp. extremes, dehydration, illness.
T/F The differance between adaptive and maladopted coping is that maladaptive coping does not relive stress.
False
In addition to avoiding the stressor, what are two other approaches to coping?
Altering and adapting.
The outcome of stress (adaptation or disease) depends on the balance between the strength, number, and duration of the stressors and _____________ .
The outcome of stress (adaptation or disease) depends on the balance between the strength, number, and duration of the stressors and the effectiveness of the coping responses (including the person’s perception of the stressors).
In general, what is the difference between the alarm stage and the resistance stage of the GAS?
The GAS alarm and resistance stages differ as follows:


In the alarm stage, the body is preparing to “fight” or “take flight.” It is reacting physiologically to the stressor. The cerebral cortex sends messages to the hypothalamus and pituitary to increase various hormone levels. The hormones produce increases in heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory function, and shunt blood to the skeletal muscles.
In the resistance stage, the body attempts to stabilize by using physiological and psychological coping mechanisms, and the body systems (e.g., heart, lungs, and immune response) return to normal.
Friends, family, counceling groups, church groups, or other like minded people who show common interest. This is known as what?
Support system.
The _____ ______ begins when the cerebral cortex first preceves a stressor and sends out messages to activate the endocrine and sympathetic nervous system.
Shock phase
Large amounts of epenepherin and various other hormones prepare the body foer what?
Fright or flight.
How long does the shock phase last?
Usualy less than 24 hours, sometimes only minutes.
If all the changes produced in the shock phase are reversed, and the person becomes less able to deal with the imediate threat this is called what?
Countershock phase
What is the name that Selye's uses for the group of nonspecific responces that all people share in the face of stressors?
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
What are the 3 stages of GAS?
1) Inital alarm stage
2) Resistance (adaptation)
3) Final stage of recovery or exhaustion
Cardiovaascular system, respiritory system, metabolism, urinary, and GI system all respond to what stage?
Alarm stage.
What stage does the body try to cope, protect its self, and maintain homiostasis?
The second stage, Resistance.
If stress continues and adaptive mechinisims become ineffective or used up a person enters what stage?
Exhastion, the final stage.
Physiological responces in ths stage include, vasodialation, decreased BP, increased pulse and respirations
Exhastion or the final stage
Name the gland that releases each of the following hormones in response to stress, and name each hormone’s function: corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), antidiuretic hormone (ADH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), aldosterone, cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
The following glands release each of the hormones:


The hypothalamus gland releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates the pituitary to release ACTH and ADH.
The pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which causes water reabsorption/retention (thereby decreasing urine output and increasing blood volume).
The adrenal cortex releases corticosteroids (e.g., cortisol, aldosterone). Cortisol decreases the use of glucose for energy by all cells except the brain and promotes its storage in the liver. It is an anti-inflammatory. Aldosterone causes sodium and water retention, thereby increasing blood volume.
The adrenal medulla releases catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine). These prepare the body for fight or flight; they produce responses similar to those of the sympathetic nervous system, which is also activated during the alarm stage of the GAS. Norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction throughout the body, raising blood pressure. Epinephrine increases heart rate and contraction, dilates bronchioles, decreases peristalsis, stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose, increases the use of fats for energy, and increases the rate of cellular respiration.
In the alarm stage of the GAS, what are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on each of the following: heart, blood vessels in skeletal muscle and to the brain, glycogen stores?
In the GAS alarm stage, the sympathetic nervous system produces a fight-or-flight response that:


Increases heart rate and strength of contractions, increasing cardiac output
Increases muscle strength
Increases mental alertness
Causes the release of glycogen stores and increases in blood glucose levels
What is the effect of Selye’s resistance stage on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems? On hormone levels?
Selye’s resistance stage has the following effects:


Normalizes heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, respiratory function, and hormone levels
Stimulates smooth muscle in the digestive tract and secretion of digestive juices, increasing peristalsis and improving digestion
Stimulates insulin secretion, increasing glucose uptake by cells
What are four characteristics of the local adaptation syndrome (LAS)?
The LAS has the following characteristics:


It is a localized body response (involves only a specific body part, tissue or organ).
It is initiated by a stressor; it does not just occur on its own.
It is short term.
It is adaptive in nature; that is, it attempts to restore homeostasis.