Chapter 24 Urinary System {Veeb}

Front 1

What are the components of the urinary system?

Back 1

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Front 2

List the six functions of the kidney

Back 2

Waste removal
formation of calcitriol
production and release of erythropoietin
regulation of ion levels and acid-base balance
regulation of blood pressure
potential to engage in gluconeogenesis

Front 3

What triggers the secretion of erythropoietin?

Back 3

Low blood oxygen levels detected by the kidneys.

Front 4

What ions do the kidneys regulate

Back 4

Inorganic ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and PO4(3-)

Front 5

What two ions do the kidneys regulate in order to maintain acid-base balance?

Back 5

H+ ions and HCO3- ions
(hydrogen and bicarbonate ions)

Front 6

Which enzyme is released by the kidneys to produce angiotensin II?

Back 6

renin

Front 7

Where the blood vessels, nerves, and ureter connect to the kidney

Back 7

hilum

Front 8

The _____ (right/left) kidney is 2cm inferior to the other.

Back 8

Right

Front 9

Why is the right kidney 2cm lower than the left kidney?

Back 9

to accomodate the large size of the liver

Front 10

The kidneys are located in the _______ space

Back 10

retroperitoneal

Front 11

The two distinct regions of the kidney are:

Back 11

renal medulla, renal cortex

Front 12

How many renal pyramids does the typical adult kidney have?

Back 12

8-15

Front 13

the tip of the renal pyramids is called the

Back 13

renal papilla

Front 14

This space serves as the urine drainage area of the kidney

Back 14

renal sinus

Front 15

The _____ merges at the medial edge of the kidney with the ureter

Back 15

the renal pelvis

Front 16

The microscopic, functional filtration unit of the kidney

Back 16

The nephron

Front 17

Nephrons consist of two major structures:

Back 17

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Front 18

Is the renal corpuscle housed in the renal medulla or renal cortex?

Back 18

cortex

Front 19

What two structures make up the renal corpuscle?

Back 19

glomerulus and glomerular capsule

Front 20

What is the glomerulus?

Back 20

thick tangle of capillary loops called the glomerular capillaries

Front 21

Blood enters the glomerulus by the ______ and exits by the _____.

Back 21

afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole
(hint: Exit:Efferent)

Front 22

What is the other name for the glomerular capsule?

Back 22

Bowman's capsule

Front 23

What are the three parts of the renal tubule?

Back 23

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule

Front 24

Where does the distal convoluted tubule end?

Back 24

Collecting tubule

Front 25

What is excretion?

Back 25

The separation of body wastes from body fluids

Front 26

What other systems besides urinary participate in excretion?

Back 26

Respiratory system, digestion, integumentary system

Front 27

what does the renal system excrete?

Back 27

metabolic wastes
hormones
salts
drugs

Front 28

Functions of the kidney

Back 28

1 - regulate the volume and composition of extracellular fluid
2 - Ridding the body of metabolic waste
3 - Ridding the body of chemicals
4 - Long term blood pressure control
5 - Production of erythropoietin
6 - Vitamin D metabolism (produces the active form of VD)
7 - Gluconeogenesis (only under starvation conditions)
8 - pH regulation

Front 29

Urea is the end product of _____ ______
Uric acid is the end product of _____ ______
Creatinine is the end product of _____ ______

Back 29

nitrogen metabolism;
nucleotide metabolism;
creatine metabolism

Front 30

path of urine in the kidney:

Back 30

from nephron to minor calix to major calix to pelvis, to ureter

Front 31

How many nephrons are there per kidney?

Back 31

~1.3 million

Front 32

Tuft of capillaries:

Back 32

glomerulus

Front 33

the capsule around the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule

Back 33

renal corpuscle

Front 34

This is where fluid is pressed out of the blood and results in filtrate

Back 34

renal corpuscle

Front 35

Nephrons dump into the _______

Back 35

collecting ducts

Front 36

What do granular cells of the afferent arteriole secrete?

Back 36

Renin

Front 37

What is glomerular filtrate?

Back 37

The fluid that is pressed out from the glomerulus into the PCT

Front 38

We only use the word filtrate at the _____ ____ and use tubular filtrate when we are along the _____ ______, ______, and ________

Back 38

early PCT;
latter PCT, loop of Henle, and DCT

Front 39

When is tubular filtrate called urine?

Back 39

At the collecting duct

Front 40

Voiding the bladder is called _____

Back 40

micturition

Front 41

when urine is produced, there are 3 processes involved:

Back 41

1 - filtration
2 - reabsorption
3 - secretion

Front 42

Reabsorption takes something from where to where?

Back 42

From the tubule into the blood

Front 43

Filtration means what?

Back 43

You're going to filter something out of the blood and into somewhere else

Front 44

Secretion is from where to where?

Back 44

blood to tubule

Front 45

Regarding filtration, how many layers must filtrate pass?

Back 45

3 layers:
1 -Capillary endothelium
2 - basement membrane (meshwork of glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharides) This is negatively charged
3 - visceral surface of bowman's capsule

Front 46

If someone has high blood pressure, what happens to urine formation?

Back 46

Increase urine formation

Front 47

The rate at which the volume of filtrate is formed is called:

Back 47

Glomerular filtration rate

Front 48

Define GFR

Back 48

The rate at which the volume of filtrate is formed

Front 49

What are three things GFR depends on?

Back 49

NFR, surface area, permeability

Front 50

What hormone is released by the kidney under sympathetic stimulation?

Back 50

Renin

Front 51

What is the effect of angiotensin II at the kidney?

Back 51

vasoconstriction at the afferent arteriole and contraction of the mesangial tissue, which decreases surface area, which decreases Kf, and decreases GFR

Front 52

What percent of filtrate is reabsorbed?

Back 52

~65%

Front 53

White drives everything in the PCT?

Back 53

Na+

Front 54

_____ is an osmotic diuretic. What does this mean?

Back 54

glucose
Water follows it

Front 55

At the tubules, from blood to tubule is _____, from tubule to blood is _____.

Back 55

secretion, reabsorption.

Front 56

_____% of filtrate is reabsorbed at the PCT

Back 56

65-85%

Front 57

At the PCT, how does sodium move into the tubular cell?

Back 57

Facilitated diffusion

Front 58

Four facts about the Loop of Henle

Back 58

1 - Actively resorbs sodium in the ALH (K+ and Cl- will follow)
2 - Water permeability is low in ALH
3 - With salt movement, interstitium becomes concentrated
4 - HIgh water permeability in the descending Loop of Henle