Chapter 24 Mitigating Haz Mat Wmd Incidents

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Division of the U.S. Department of Labor that enforces occupational safety regulations

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(OSHA) Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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U.S. government agency that creates and enforces laws designed to protect the air, water, and soil from contamination; responsible for researching and setting national standards for a variety of environmental programs

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(EPA) Environmental Protection Agency

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U.S. regulations in Title 29 CFR 1910.120 for cleanup operations involving hazardous substances and emergency response operations for releases of hazardous substances

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(HAZWOPER) Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

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Lowest level of training established by the NFPA for first responders at hazardous materials incidents

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Awareness Level

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Level of training established by the NFPA allowing first responders to take defensive actions at hazardous materials incidents

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Operations Level

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Temporary or permanent barrier that contains or directs the flow of liquids

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Dam/Dike

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Actions to control movement of a hazardous material to an area that will produce less harm

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Divert

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In the ICS, a shared command role in which all agencies with geographical or functional responsibility establish a common set of incident objectives and strategies. In unified command there is a single IC post and a single operations chief at any given time

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Unified Command (UC)

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Written or unwritten plan for the disposition of an incident; contains the overall strategic goals, tactical objectives, and support requirements for a given operational period during an incident.

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(IAP) Incident Action Plan

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Document that provides guidance on how communities, states, the U.S. federal government, and private sector and nongovernmental partners conduct all-hazards emergency response

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(NRF) National Response Framework

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Standard for Competence of Responders to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents

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NFPA 472

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Standard for Competence for EMS Personnel Responding to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents

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NFPA 473

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Mistakes made in the initial response to the incident can mean

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The difference between solving the problem and becoming part of it

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Manages the resources assigned to the Branch or Group and directs the primary tactical functions

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Haz Mat Branch Director/Group Supervisor

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Supervises all companies and personnel operating in the hazardous area, with the responsibility to direct all tactics and control the positions and functions of all personnel in the hazardous area

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Entry Team Leader

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Supervises operations in the scene control zone where decontamination is conducted and ensures that all rescued citizens, response personnel, and equipment have been decontaminated before leaving the incident

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Decontamination Team Leader

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Controls all movement of personnel and equipment between the control zones and is responsible for isolating the control zones and ensuring proper routes; also has the responsibility for the control, care, and movement of people before they are decontaminated; may appoint a Safe Refuge Area Manager

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Site Access Control Leader

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Is responsible for the overall safety of assigned personnel within the Haz Mat Group and reports directly to the Incident Safety Officer; must be appointed at haz mat incidents and have the requisite knowledge to function as the Assistant Safety Officer at a haz mat incident

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Assistant Safety Officer

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Is responsible for providing technical information and assistance to the Haz Mat Group and the Planning Section using various sources such as computer databases, technical journals, public and private technical information agencies, facility representatives, and product specialists

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Technical Specialist

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Is responsible for evaluating and prioritizing victims for treatment, collecting information from the victims, and preventing the spread of contamination by these victims; also it is recommended that this person have an EMS background

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Safe Refuge Area Manager

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-Weapons of Mass Destruction Civil Support Teams (WMD-CST)

-Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMAT)

-Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams (DMORT)

-National Medical Response Team-Weapons of Mass Destruction (NMRT-WMD)

-Urban Search and Rescue Task Forces (USAR)

-Incident Management Teams (IMT)

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Team resources established by the NRF

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APIE

-A - Analyze

-P- Plan

-I- Implement

-E- Evaluate (and repeat)

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The four-step problem solving approach command uses to any haz mat incident

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Formal review of the hazards and risks that may be encountered by firefighters or emergency responders; used to determine the appropriate level and type of personal and respiratory protection that must be worn

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Hazard and Risk Assessment

AKA Hazard Assessment

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Patch to seal a small leak in a container

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Plug

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Least serious and easiest to handle

May pose a serious threat to life of property, although this is not usually the case

Within the capabilities of the fire or emergency services organization or other first responders

Evacuation if required is limited to the immediate area of the incident

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Level 1 Haz Mat Incident

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Require the services of a formal haz mat response team

Beyond the capabilities of the first responders on scene and may be beyond the capabilities of the first response agency/organization having jurisdiction

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Level 2 Haz Mat Incident

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Requires resources from state/provincial agencies, federal agencies, and/or private industry in addition to Unified Command

Most serious of all haz mat incidents

A large scale evacuation may be required

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Level 3 Haz Mat Incident

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Overall plan for incident control established by the Incident Commander that involves protection of exposures, as opposed to aggressive, offensive intervention

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Defensive Strategy

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Overall plan for incident control established by the Incident Commander in which responders take aggressive, direct action on the material, container, or process equipment involved in an incident

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Offensive Strategy

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Strategy for handling fires involving hazardous materials, in which the fire is allowed to burn until all of the fuel is consumed

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Nonintervention Strategy

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-Strategies -Current situation summary -Resource assignment and needs -Accomplishments -Hazard statement -Risk assessment -Safety plan and message

-Protective Measures -Current and projected weather conditions -Status of injuries

-Communications plan -Medical plan

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Elements of IAP

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The process of controlling the flow of a spill and capturing it at some specified location

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Confinement

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The act of stopping the further release of a material from its container

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Containment

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-Identify the four-digit U.N. identification number on a placard or shipping papers, then look up the appropriate guide in the yellow bordered pages

-Use the name of the material involved in the blue bordered section of the guidebook. (EXACT SPELLING IS IMPORTANT)

-Identify the transportation placard of the material, then use the three digit guide number associated with the placard in the Table of Placards and Initial Response Guide to Use On-Scene, located in the front of the ERG

-As a last resort, use the container profiles provided in the white pages in the front of the book. First responders can identify container shapes, then reference the guide number to the orange bordered page provided in the nearest circle

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Ways to locate an appropriate action in the ERG

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Volatile liquid or gas known to be a severe hazard to human health during transportation

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Toxic Inhalation Hazard

(TIH)

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Section of the ERG that lists hazardous materials in numerical order based on their four digit UN/NA ID numbers.

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Yellow Pages

If an item is highlighted it means that it releases gases that are TIH

If an item is designated with a P it means that it may undergo vilent polymerization if subjected to heat or contamination

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Section of the ERG that lists hazardous materials by name

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Blue Pages

Also uses the designation P to indicate a risk of polymerization, and highlighted entries are toxic inhalation hazards

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Section of the ERG that provides safety recommendations and general hazard information. Divided into three main sections:

-Potential Hazards

-Public Safety

-Emergency Response

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Orange Pages

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Distance within which all persons are considered for evacuation in all directions from a hazardous materials incident

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Initial Isolation Distance

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Circular zone, with a radius equivalent to the initial isolation distance, within which persons may be exposed to dangerous concentrations upwind of the source and may be exposed to life-threatening concentrations downwind of the source

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Initial Isolation Zone

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Clothing that is anything other than chemical protective clothing or structural firefighters' protective clothing, including work uniforms and ordinary civilian clothing

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Street Clothes

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Clothing designed to shield or isolate individuals from the chemical, physical, and biological hazards that may be encountered during operations involving hazardous materials

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Chemical Protective Clothing

(CPC)

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Controlled process of leaving or being removed from a potentially hazardous location, typically involving relocating people from an area of danger of potential risk to a safer place

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Evacuation

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Process of removing a hazardous foreign substance from a person or clothing

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Decontamination

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Contamination of people, equipment, or the environment outside the hot zone without contacting the primary source of contamination

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Cross Contamination

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Downwind distance from a hazardous materials incident within which protective actions should be implemented

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Protective Action Distance

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If hazardous materials are on fire or have been leaking for longer than 30 minutes then

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Green border isolation distances no longer apply

Seek more detailed information on the appropriate orange bordered page

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Escape only respirator that provides sufficient self-contained breathing air to permit the wearer to safely exit the hazardous area; usually integrated into an airline supplied-air respirator system

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Emergency Breathing Support System

(EBSS)

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Process in which a chemical passes through a protective material on a molecular level

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Permeation

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Time required for a chemical to permeate the material of a protective suit

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Breakthrough Time

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Chemical protective clothing designed to protect against liquid splashes

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Liquid Splash Protective Clothing

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Standard on Liquid Splash Protective Ensembles and Clothing for Hazardous Materials Emergencies

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NFPA 1992

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Gas-tight chemical protective clothing

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Vapor Protective Clothing

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Standard on Vapor Protective Ensembles for Hazardous Materials Emergencies

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NFPA 1991

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Completely enclosed or surrounded, as in a capsule

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Encapsulating

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Ensemble must thoroughly protect the skin, respiratory, and eye protection that can be provided by personal protective equipment, as specified by the U.S. EPA. Consists of positive pressure self contained breathing apparatus, totally encapsulating chemical protective suit, inner and outer gloves, and chemical resistant boot.

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Level A Protection

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PPE that provides the highest level of respiratory protection, but a lesser level of skin protection. Consists of positive pressure SCBA, hooded chemical resistant suit, inner and outer gloves, and chemical resistant boots

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Level B Protection

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PPE that provides a lesser level of respiratory and skin protection. Consists of full-face or half-mask APR, hooded chemical resistant suit, inner and outer gloves, and chemical resistant boots

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Level C Protection

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PPE that provides the lowest level of respiratory and skin protection. Consists of coveralls, gloves, and chemical resistant boots or shoes.

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Level D Protection

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Combination of environmental and physical work factors that compose the heat load imposed on the body; environmental factors include air, temperature, radiant heat exchange, air movement, and water vapor pressure. Physical work contributes because of the metabolic heat in the body; clothing also has an effect

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Heat Stress

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Heat illness in which the body's heat regulating mechanism fails; symptoms include -high fever of 105-106 degrees -dry, red hot skin -rapid, strong pulse, and -deep breaths or convulsions

May result in coma or even death

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Heat Stroke

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Heat illness cause by exposure to excessive heat; symptoms include weakness, cold and clammy skin, heavy respiration, rapid and shallow breathing, weak pulse, dizziness, and sometimes unconsciousness

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Heat Exhaustion

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Heat illness resulting from prolonged exposure to high temperatures; characterized by excessive sweating, muscle cramps in the abdomen and legs, faintness, dizziness, and exhaustion

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Heat Cramps

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Condition that develops from continuous exposure to heat and humid air; aggravated by clothing that rubs the skin. Reduces the individual's tolerance to heat

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Heat Rash

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Fluid Consumption

Air Cooling

Ice Cooling

Water Cooling

Cooling Vests

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Methods of preventing or reducing the effects of heat exposure

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Local tissue damage caused by prolonged exposure to extreme cold

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Frostbite

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Foot condition resulting from prolonged exposure to damp conditions or immersion in water; symptoms include tingling and/or itching, pain, swelling, cold and blotchy skin, numbness, and a prickly or heavy feeling in the foot. In severe cases, blisters can form, after which the skin and tissue die and fall off

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Trench Foot

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The boundary established to prevent access by the public and unauthorized persons

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Isolation perimeter

AKA outer perimeter/outer cordon

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Potentially hazardous area immediately surrounding the incident site; requires appropriate protective clothing and equipment and other safety precautions for entry. Typically limited to technician level personnel

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Hot Zone

AKA Exclusion Zone

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Area that usually contains the decontamination corridor; typically requires a lesser degree of personal protective equipment

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Warm Zone

AKA Contamination Reduction Zone/Contamination Reduction Corridor

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Safe area outside of the warm zone where equipment and personnel are not expected to become contaminated and special protective clothing is not required; the Incident Command Post and other support functions are typically located in this zone

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Cold Zone

AKA Support Zone

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Prearranged, temporary strategic location, away from the emergency scene, where units assemble a d wait until they are assigned a position on the scene; these resources must then be able to respond within 3 minutes of being assigned

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Staging Area

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Location where accident casualties are held after receiving medical care or triage before being transported to medical facilities

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Transportation Area

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Reciprocal assistance from one fire and emergency services agency to another during an emergency, based upon a prearranged agreement; generally made upon the request of the receiving agency

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Mutual Aid

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Written agreement between two or more agencies to automatically dispatch predetermined resources to any fire or other emergency reported in the geographic area covered by the agreement. These areas are generally located near jurisdictional boundaries or in jurisdictional islands

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Automatic Aid

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Physical law that states the amount of radiation present is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of radiation.

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Inverse Square Law

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People seeking medical attention who were not treated or decontaminated at the incident scene

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Self-presenters

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The physical process of immediately reducing contamination of individuals in potentially life-threatening situations , with or without the formal establishment of a decontamination corridor

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Emergency Decontamination

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System used for sorting and classifying accident casualties to determine the priority for medical treatment and transportation

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Triage

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Irregular motion of the atmosphere usually produced when air flows over a comparatively uneven surface of the earth; when two currents of air flow past each other in different directions or at different speeds

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Turbulence

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30 minute, escape exposure without health effects

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IDLH (OSHA)

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8 hour day/40 hour week

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Permissive Exposure Limit (PEL)

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10 hour day/40 hour week

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Relative Exposure Limit (REL)

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similar to REL's and PEL's

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Threshold Limit Values (TLV's)

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15 min exposure, 4 times with 1 hour between exposures

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Short Term Exposure Limits

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ceiling level never exceed without PPE

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C

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Carcinogen (minimize exposure)

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Ca

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Set for 10 min, 30 min, 1 hour, 4 hours, and 8 hours

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Acute Emergency Guidance Levels

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Discomfort

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AEGL 1

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Serious long-lasting health effects

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AEGL 2

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Life-threatening health effects

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AEGL 3

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Set for peak 15 minute exposure when no other guidance is available

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Temporary Emergency Exposure Limits

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Exposure without mild transient health effects

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TEEL 1

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Exposure without irreversible health effects

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TEEL 2

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Exposure without life-threatening health effects

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TEEL 3

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5 ppm Ammonia

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Odor Threshold

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50 ppm Ammonia

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PEL

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25 ppm Ammonia

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REL

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35 ppm Ammonia

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STEL

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300 ppm Ammonia

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IDLH

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10 ppm Hydrogen cyanide

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PEL

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4.7 ppm Hydrogen cyanide

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REL and STEL

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50 ppm Hydrogen cyanide

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IDLH

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0.58 ppm Hydrogen cyanide

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Odor threshold

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0.4 ppm Phosgene

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Odor threshold

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0.1 ppm Phosgene

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PEL

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0.1 ppm Phosgene

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REL

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0.2 ppm Phosgene

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STEL

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2 ppm Phosgene

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IDLH

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Ignite when contacting each other

Oxidizer & Fuel

Examples Include

-Liquid Oxygen & Asphalt

-Glycerin & Permanganate

-Brake Fluid & Hydrogentetrahydroxide

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Hypergolic Materials

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Damage typical to containers and flesh

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pH less than 3

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Damage typical to containers and flesh

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pH greater than 12.5

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Spontaneous ignition with contact with air

Solid or Liquid

May require moist air to ignite

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Pyrophoric

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Liquids that mix in any quantities

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Miscible

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Liquids that do not mix in any quantities

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Immiscible

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Harm Unborn Fetus

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Teratogens

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Damage Chromosomes

May be passed on

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Mutagens