Chapter 24

Front 1

is the body's ability to recognize and destroy specific pathogens and to prevent infectious diseases.

Back 1

Immunity

Front 2

When the immune system is compromised,________________ may occur.

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immunodeficiency diseases

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When the immune system is overreactive, disorders such as ________________________________ may result.

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allergies and autoimmune disorders

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disorders where the body fights its own body tissue and cells and actually lead to diseases

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autoimmune disorders

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The body's immune system includes the

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bone marrow, lymphoid organs, and the mononuclear phagocyte system

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lymphoid organs

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lymphoid structures scattered in the submucosal layers of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts; the lymph nodes; and the spleen. preyer's patch, bone marrow, thymus, adenoids, tonsil,

Front 7

Primary functions of the immune system include

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defense, homeostasis, and surveillance.

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Defense:

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Resists invasion
Attacks pathogens
Attacks foreign antigens
Aids in fighting cancer cell
Produces antibodies/immunogloblins
Produces inflammatory response and memory

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homeostasis:

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digests and removes damaged cellular substances and kills diseases cell (mostly those infected with viruses)

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surveillance:

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recognizes and destroys cellular mutations, foreign cells, and monitors for presence of antigens

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are capable of developing into any of three types of blood cells: erythrocytes (red blood cells or RBCs), leukocytes (white blood cells or WBCs), or thrombocytes (platelets).

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The cells in the bone marrow

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defend the body against disease organisms, toxins, and irritants.

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WBCs

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The two types of WBCs are

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granular
(neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils) and

agranular
(monocytes and lymphocytes).

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first line of defense, travel to cell that's infected, push thru, and devour

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neutrophils

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allergic and inflammatory response, contain hemprine

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basophils

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release chemicals that assist s indetoxifying foreign protein or engulfing and destroying

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eosinophils

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monocytes and lymphocytes

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agranular

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neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

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granular

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make macrophages

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monocytes

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B cells and T cells

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lymphocytes

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develop into cells that produce antibodies

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B lymphocytes

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protect us against viral infections and can detect and destroy some cancer cells

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T lympohcytes

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Stem cells in the bone marrow are responsible not only for the production of _______________but also for their maturation.

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B lymphocytes,

Front 24

After they mature, _________can become activated in the blood and produce antibodies.

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B cells

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Exposure to an antigen in the bloodstream

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activates B cells to enlarge and multiply rapidly to produce colonies of clones

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Most of theseclones, produced by B cells, become plasma cells, which produce specific antibodies to circulate in the blood. These antibodies provide the form of immunity called ________________

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humoral immunity

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In the process of _________________macrophages (large cells) engulf and destroy antigens after antibodies have identified them for destruction.

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humoral immunity,

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Those clones that do not become plasma cells remain in the body as

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memory cells

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On repeated exposure to an antigen, the memory cells are ready to

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produce antibodies immediately.

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are found predominantly in organized lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen. They constitute only about 10% to 20% of the circulating lymphocytes in the tissues and the blood.

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B lymphocytes

Front 31

Some immature stem cells produced in the bone marrow migrate to the thymus gland to become

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T cells

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T cells make up the remaining _______________% of lymphocytes found in the circulating blood.

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80% to 90%

Front 33

While in the thymus, T cells _____________________________________________________________________________

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proliferate and become sensitized (capable of combining with specific foreign antigens).

Front 34

T lymphocytes produce an immunity called

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cell-mediated immunity.

Front 35

are generally responsible for fighting cancer cells, viruses, and intracellular parasites. .

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T lymphocytes

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They function in the body to differentiate between “self” and “non-self.” Usually this is helpful in fighting off foreign pathogens

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T lymphocytes

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are responsible for tissue and organ rejection after transplantation.

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T cells

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For a T cell to react with a specific antigen, the antigen must first be

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presented to the T cell on the surface of a macrophage.

Front 39

Macrophages, when combined with T cells, release substances called __________, which stimulate T-cell growth

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interleukins

Front 40

produce antibodies or immunoglobulins

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B cells
functions in humoral which means circulates in blood

Front 41

means antibodies in the blood and body fluids

macrophages engulf and destroy antigens

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humoral response

Front 42

means T cells have proliferated and become capable of combining with specific foreign antigens

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Cellular response

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is any foreign substance or molecule entering the body that stimulates an immune response

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antigen (Ag)

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the activity of B or T lymphocytes

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immune response

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attacks antigens directly,
starts inflammatory

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Helper T4

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makes more killer cells

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Helper T1

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makes more B cell antibodies

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Helper T2

Front 48

suppresses the immune response

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Suppressor T

Front 49

remembers antigens from the past=immune response

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Memory T

Front 50

destroys cells infected with virus

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cytotoxic T

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destroys antigens already coated w/antibodies

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Null cells

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Most antigens are large protein molecules found

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on the surface of foreign organisms, RBCs, or tissue cells; on pollen; and in toxins and foods

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Each antigen stimulate the production of its own specific

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antibody

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the body can make about _________ individual antibodies

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1 million

Front 55

Antibodies do not destroy antigens but________________________________

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label antigens for destruction

Front 56

antibodies function to either change the antigen so it can't hurt the body or

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combine with antigens to make them clump u and be destroyed by phagocytosis or combine with antigen to expose a hidden region on the cell thus killing the cell where the antigen lives

Front 57

is a protein substance that the body produces in response to an antigen

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antibody

Front 58

are responsible for antibody production.

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B lymphocytes

Front 59

All antibodies are contained in a portion of the blood plasma called the

Back 59

gamma globulin fraction.
or immunoglobulins

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The five basic groups of immunoglobulins are

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IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgD

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anti body that is produced at initial exposure of the antigen, Lots in the blood but no usually in tissue or organs

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IgM

Front 62

Most common antibody, produces at 2nd and future exposres to an antigen, present in blood and in tissues often called gamma globulin , protects the fetus before birth from antitoxins,viruses, and bacteria
Only antibody transferred from mother to fetus across placenta.

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IgG

Front 63

protects mucosal surfaces, major component of secrtions like saliva, tears, and bronchial fluiks, is importat in the defense aainst invasion of microbes bia the nose, eyse lungs, and intesties. Found in blood, GI and mucosal secretions and breast milk

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IgA

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Responsible for immediate-type allergic reactions like allergies to latex

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IgE

E for E-mmediate

Front 65

functions as an antigen receptor and is present in blood in very small amounts

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IgD

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destroys antigens already coated w/ antibodies

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null lymphocytes or natural killer cells

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called natrual b/c they are ready to target specific cells as soon as they are produced and don't require the maturation and education that B or T cell do

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null lymphocytes

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proteins that act as messengers to help regulate some of the functions of lymphocytes and macrophages during the process of mmune response.

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cytokines,
produces by null cells

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some ______ are given by injection to treat specific diseases

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cytokines

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used to treat certain cancers

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interferon-alpha

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: believed to be helpful in multiple sclerosis

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interferon-beta

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: produced by macrophages, mobilizes T lymphocytes

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interleukin-1

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produced by T cells, stimulates production of interferon. Used to treat many solid cancers

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interleukin-2:

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: required for differentiation of certain T cells

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interleukin-3

Front 75

guides neutrophils to the source of an antigen

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interleukin-8:

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: stimulates natural killer cells

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interleukin-12

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-stimulating factor: used to help increase neutrophils in clients who are undergoing chemotherapy

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granulocyte colony

Front 78

bone marrow, the thymus is considered a

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central or primary lymphoid organ

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manufacture B nd T cells

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Primary (central) Lymphoid organs

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is most active early in life and begins to atrophy (shrink and die) at puberty. T lymphocytes mature in them

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The thymus

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The thymus produces 4 hormones These hormones promote the

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proliferation and maturation of T cells,

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include the lymphoid structures scattered in the submucosal layers of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts; the lymph nodes; and the spleen.

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The peripheral or secondary lymphoid organs of the immune system

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these organs are mostly filter tissue fluid or lymph for foreign particles and external microorganisms.

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peripheral or secondary lymphoid organs

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consists of specialized cells throughout the body that can ingest foreign particulate matter.

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The mononuclear phagocyte system,
or reticuloendothelial system,

Front 85

mononuclear phagocyte cells begin as _________ and transform into _______ (phagocytic or endocytic cells) after entering other tissues via the bloodstream

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monocytes


macrophages

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This system is concerned with the destruction of worn-out blood cells, bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign substances that are dangerous to the body

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mononuclear phagocyte system,

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Mononuclear phagocytes play a very important role in both

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nonspecific and specific immunity.

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In specific immunity they
are responsible for capturing (via phagocytosis), processing, and presenting the antigen to the lymphocytes for destruction.

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mononuclear phagocytes

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The macrophage-bound antigen, when presented to the B or T lymphocyte, triggers the

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humoral or cell-mediated immune response.

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body's nonspecific defense mechanisms:

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skin, tears,
neutrophils and monocytes, interferon, fever,
cilia and macrophages, hydrocloric acid,
vomiting defecation and urination

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ingest and destroy bacteria and toxins and remove cellular debris.

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Neutrophils and monocytes

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is a protein made by several types of cells that inhibits virus production and infection.

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Interferon

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intensifies the effects of interferons, inhibits the growth of some microbes, and speeds up body reactions, aiding in tissue repair

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Fever

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The respiratory tract contains___________ in its mucous membrane lining that trap and remove microbes and dust

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cilia and macrophages

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) are considered the final line of defense against disease.

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Specific defense mechanisms (specific immunity

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are able to recognize and respond to specific substances.

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Specific defense mechanisms

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occurs quickly when lymphocytes recognize a foreign substance

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Humoral immunity

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occurs more slowly and depends upon T lymphocytes.

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Cell-mediated immunity

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Both types of immunity, Humoral immunity and Cell-mediated immunity, are considered ______________________ because they act against particular harmful substances.

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specific defense mechanisms

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Specific immunity can be classified into two main categories:

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inborn and acquired.

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refers to immunity that is inherited or genetic. This inherited or innate immunity may be common to all members of a species (eg, humans have specific immunity to many diseases of animals). Inborn immunity may also be common to a specific population, sex, race, or to an individual person

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Inborn immunity

Front 102

is attained through natural or artificial sources. can be attained either actively or passively

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Acquired immunity

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results when a child is exposed to, and develops, a disease (eg, measles or chickenpox) and subsequently builds up antibodies (immunity) to infections that are caused by the same organism.

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Naturally acquired active immunity

Front 104

occurs between mothers and their infants. Immunity is transferred from mother to fetus during pregnancy via the placental circulation exchange. If the baby is breast-fed, the baby also receives protection after birth through the mother's breast milk. can last to 6 months of age, when the infant's own immune system begins to take over.

Back 104

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Front 105

occurs when a person is deliberately exposed to a causative agent. can also be acquired through active or passive means.

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Artificially acquired immunity

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occurs with the injection of ready-made antibodies into a person's system.

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Artificially acquired passive immunity

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occurs with the injection of ready-made antibodies into a person's system.

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Artificially acquired passive immunity rabies is most common form

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changes an antigen, rendering it harmless to the body. antibody binds to antigen like lock and key,

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Antibody-mediated immunity

Front 109

become active when exposed to the altered cellular shape caused by the antigen–antibody complex

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Complements

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antibody can disarm the antigen in several ways:

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1. neutralize the antigen's toxins
2. can cause harmful cells to clump together so macro and phago cytes can destroy them
3. complement fixation

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is the specific resistance to disease that involves the production of a specific lymphocyte or antibody against a specific antigen

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Immunity

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derive from stem cells in the bone marrow

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Both B cells and T cells

Front 113

refers to destruction of antigens by antibodies.

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Humoral immunity

Front 114

protects the body against circulating disease-producing antigens and bacteria.

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Humoral or antibody-mediated immunity

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use several mechanisms to destroy antigens: neutralizing toxins, facilitating phagocytosis, imprisoning invader cells (granuloma), and complement fixation.

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Antibodies