Chapter 24

Front 1

A cell that releases interferon is _____.

Back 1

signaling other cells that it has been infected by a virus

Front 2

The first line of defense against infection is _____.

Back 2

the skin and mucous membranes

Front 3

The body's innate defenses against infection include

Back 3

barriers such as dead skin cells and mucus

Front 4

Which of the following statements regarding innate immunity is correct?

Back 4

External barriers such as the skin barrier, exoskeleton, and mucus membranes contribute to innate immunity.

Front 5

Which of the following wander through the interstitial fluid eating any bacteria and virus-infected cells they encounter?

Back 5

macrophages

Front 6

The major result of the inflammatory response is to

Back 6

remove contaminating microorganisms and initiate repair of damaged tissues.

Front 7

Which of the following is part of the inflammatory response?

Back 7

dilation of the capillaries

Front 8

Which of the following can initiate an inflammatory response?

Back 8

physical injury such as a cut

Front 9

Which of the following helps activate our nonspecific (innate) defense system?

Back 9

inflammation

Front 10

The human lymphatic system consists of all of the following structures except the

Back 10

pancreas

Front 11

The two main functions of the lymphatic system are

Back 11

returning tissue fluid to the circulatory system and fighting infections.

Front 12

A substance that can elicit an immune response is called

Back 12

an antigen

Front 13

Antibodies are

Back 13

proteins

Front 14

The transfer of antibodies in breast milk to an infant is an example of ________ immunity.

Back 14

passive

Front 15

Passive immunity depends upon

Back 15

antibodies made by another organism.

Front 16

One kind of vaccine consists of

Back 16

a harmless variant strain of a disease-causing microbe.

Front 17

Which of the following cell types is responsible for humoral immunity?

Back 17

B Cells

Front 18

Which of the following statements about humoral immunity is true?

Back 18

Humoral immunity can be passively transferred by injecting plasma from an immune individual into a nonimmune individual.

Front 19

The immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms because

Back 19

the body contains an enormous diversity of lymphocytes, each with the ability to respond to a different antigen.

Front 20

T and B cells are types of _____.

Back 20

lymphocytes

Front 21

The region of an antigen to which an antibody binds is termed the _____.

Back 21

antigenic determinant

Front 22

Which of the following statements regarding antigens and antibodies is false?

Back 22

Each antibody has only one antigen-binding site.

Front 23

Which of the following distinguishes the secondary immune response from the primary immune response?

Back 23

The secondary response produces higher levels of antibodies.

Front 24

The secondary immune response occurs when memory cells bind to

Back 24

antigens

Front 25

How do memory cells differ from effector cells?

Back 25

memory cells live longer

Front 26

Which of the following types of cells initiate a secondary immune response?

Back 26

memory cells

Front 27

During a secondary immune response, _____.

Back 27

the generation of effector cells begins with memory cells produced during the primary immune response

Front 28

How does antigen-antibody binding result in destruction of the antigen?

Back 28

Antibodies bind the antigen, which then targets the antigen for elimination by innate mechanisms.

Front 29

What type of cell acts as an intermediary between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?

Back 29

helper T cells

Front 30

The biggest difference between cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity is _____.

Back 30

how they respond to and dispose of invaders

Front 31

Which of the following statements regarding the cell-mediated response is correct?

Back 31

Macrophages digest the antigen to break it up into its components, which are then bound by and presented to the cell surface for removal.

Front 32

Helper T cells are part of _____.

Back 32

cell-mediated immune response

Front 33

After binding to an infected cell, the cytotoxic T cell

Back 33

releases a protein called perforin.

Front 34

________ can destroy infected cells.

Back 34

Cytotoxic T cells

Front 35

The role of cytotoxic T cells is to attack _____.

Back 35

body cells that have been infected

Front 36

Which of the following types of cells kill infected body cells?

Back 36

cytotoxic T cells

Front 37

How does HIV destroy helper T cells?

Back 37

It initiates apoptosis in infected helper T cells.

Front 38

Which of the following cell types does HIV preferentially infect?

Back 38

helper T cells

Front 39

Which of the following statements about HIV is false?

Back 39

HIV attacks mast cells.

Front 40

HIV is a virus that is particularly difficult to eradicate

Back 40

because it mutates to produce new drug-resistant strains.

Front 41

Why has it been so difficult for researchers to develop effective antivirals for HIV?

Back 41

bc HIV has a high mutation rate

Front 42

HIV has a high mutation rate and can use this to its advantage to develop resistance to antivirals because

Back 42

frequent mutations provide greater opportunity for survival of selective pressures.

Front 43

Tissues are typed before an organ transplant to make sure that the _____ of donor and recipient match as closely as possible.

Back 43

MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins

Front 44

What type of immune response is always disadvantageous to a person?

Back 44

autoimmune

Front 45

Which of the following diseases is thought to be an autoimmune disease?

Back 45

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Front 46

_____ is an example of an immunodeficiency disease.

Back 46

AIDS

Front 47

Anaphylactic shock is an example of an

Back 47

allergic response

Front 48

Which of these cells is a phagocytic leukocyte that can engulf a foreign bacterium?

Back 48

macrophage

Front 49

_____ interact with the antigen-class II MHC complex presented by macrophages.

Back 49

helper T cells

Front 50

B cells that have been stimulated by interleukin-2 develop into _____.

Back 50

plasma cells

Front 51

The role of cytotoxic T cells is the secretion of _____, which plays a role in the _____ immune response.

Back 51

perforin ... cell-mediated

Front 52

Clonal selection is the division of _____ that have been stimulated by binding to an antigen, which results in the production of cloned _____.

Back 52

B cells ... plasma cells and memory cells

Front 53

Which of these cells is responsible for the rapidity of the secondary immune response?

Back 53

memory cells

Front 54

Which of these cells produce and secrete antibodies?

Back 54

plasma cells

Front 55

The genetic material of HIV consists of _____.

Back 55

single stranded RNA

Front 56

What is the source of a viral envelope?

Back 56

host cell membrane

Front 57

Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a _____.

Back 57

provirus

Front 58

Which of the following cell types is responsible for cell-mediated immunity?

Back 58

T cells