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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Digestive system organs fall into two main groups: the ______ canal and the _____ organs.
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Answer: alimentary, accessory
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The alimentary canal, or _________ tract, is the continuous muscular digestive tube that winds through the body digesting and absorbing foodstuff.
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Answer: gastrointestinal (GI)
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Name the alimentary organs.
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Answer:
Mouth pharynx, esophagus (food canals) stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
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________ digestive organs aid digestion physically and produce secretions that break down foodstuff in the GI tract.
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Answer: Accessory
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Accessory digestive organs are:
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Answer:
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, (top of head) gallbladder, liver, (above stomach) pancreas. (below stomach) |
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_________is the simple act of putting food into the mouth.
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Answer: Ingestion
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_____moves food through the alimentary canal and includes both swallowing and ______.
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Answer: Propulsion, peristalsis
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_______ digestion is the physical process of preparing the food for _______ digestion and involves chewing, mixing, churning, and _______.
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Answer: Mechanical, chemical, segmentation
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_______ digestion is a series of _______ steps in which complex food molecules are broken down to their chemical building blocks by ______.
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Answer: Chemical, catabolic, enzymes
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________is the passage of digested end products from the ______ of the GI tract through the _______ cells into the blood or lymph
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Answer: Absorption, lumen, mucosal
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________ eliminates indigestible substances from the body via the anus as feces
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Answer: Defecation
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The _______ system creates an optimal internal environment for its functioning in the _____ of the GI tract, an area that is technically outside of the body.
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Answer: digestive, lumen
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Digestive activities within the GI tract are triggered by _______ and ______ stimuli.
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Answer: mechanical, chemical
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Controls of the digestive activity are both _______and _______ (nervous and hormonal).
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Answer: extrinsic, intrinsic
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The ___________ covers the external surfaces of most of the digestive organs, and the ___________ lines the body wall of the abdominopelvic cavity.
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Answer: visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum
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The _______ cavity is located between the visceral and parietal peritoneums and is filled with _______ fluid.
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Answer: peritoneal, serous
Visc Periton Pariet |
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_____ is a double layer of peritoneum that extends to the digestive organs from the body wall.
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Answer: Mesentery
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What allows blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves to reach the digestive organs, and holds the organs in place as well as stores fat?
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Answer: Mesentery
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Retroperitoneal organs are found _______ to the mesentery, lying against the dorsal abdominal wall.
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Answer: posterior
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The _______ circulation serves the digestive system and includes those arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta to serve the digestive organs and the _____ portal circulation
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Answer: splanchnic, hepatic
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______is the innermost, moist, epithelial membrane that lines the entire digestive tract
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Answer: Mucosa
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What secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones; absorbs digestive end products into the blood; and protects against infectious disease?
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Answer: Mucosa
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_________ is a moderately dense connective tissue layer containing blood and lymphatic vessels, _______ follicles, and nerve fibers.
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Answer: Submucosa, lymphoid
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_______ externa typically consists of smooth muscle and is responsible for _______ and segmentation.
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Answer: Muscularis, peristalsis
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Histology of the Alimentary Canal include:
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Answer:
Mucosa (innermost-absorbs products) Submucosa Muscularis Externa Serosa (outermost) |
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_______, the protective outer layer of the ________ organs, is the visceral peritoneum.
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Answer: Serosa, intraperitoneal
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The alimentary canal has its own nerve supply made up of _____ neurons that communicate widely with each other to regulate ______ activity
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Answer: enteric, digestive
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The ______ is a stratified squamous epithelial mucosa-lined cavity with boundaries of the lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue
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Answer: mouth
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The _____ and _____ have a core of skeletal muscle covered externally by skin that helps to keep food between the teeth when we chew and plays a small role in speech.
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Answer: lips, cheeks
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The ______ forms the roof of the mouth and has two parts: the hard palate anteriorly and the soft palate posteriorly.
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Answer: palate
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The _______ is made of interlacing bundles of skeletal muscle and is used to reposition food when chewing, mix food with saliva, initiate swallowing, and help form consonants for speech.
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Answer: tongue
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______ glands produce saliva, which cleanses the mouth, dissolves food chemicals for taste, moistens food, and contains chemicals that begin the breakdown of _______ .
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Answer: Salivary, starches
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The _____ tear and grind food, breaking it into smaller pieces.
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Answer: teeth
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The _______ (oropharynx and laryngopharynx) provides a common passageway for food, fluids, and air.
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Answer: pharynx
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The _______ provides a passageway for food and fluids from the ________ to the stomach where it joins at the cardiac orifice
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Answer: esophagus, laryngopharynx
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_______ , or chewing, begins the mechanical breakdown of food and mixes the food with saliva.
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Answer: Mastication
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________, or swallowing, is a complicated process that involves two major phases.
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Answer: Deglutition
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The two major phases of deglutition are _____ and ______.
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Answer: buccal, pharyngeal-esophageal
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The _______ phase is voluntary and occurs in the mouth where the bolus is forced into the oropharynx.
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Answer: buccal
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The _________ phase is involuntary and occurs when food is squeezed through the pharynx and into the esophagus.
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Answer: pharyngeal-esophageal
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The ______ is a temporary storage tank where the chemical breakdown of proteins is initiated and food is converted to _____.
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Answer: stomach, chyme
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The adult stomach varies from _____ cm long; its diameter and volume vary depending on the amount of ______ it contains.
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Answer: 15–25, food
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The major regions of the stomach include what four areas?
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Answer: cardiac region, fundus, body, and pyloric region.
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The convex lateral surface of the stomach is its _______ curvature, and its convex medial surface is its _______ curvature.
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Answer: greater, lesser
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Extending from the curvatures are the lesser ______ and the greater ______, which help to tie the stomach to other digestive organs and the body wall.
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Answer: omentum, omentum
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The surface epithelium of the stomach mucosa is a simple columnar epithelium composed of _______cells, which produce a protective two-layer coat of ______ mucus.
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Answer: goblet, alkaline
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The ______ glands of the stomach produce gastric juice, which may be composed of a combination of mucus, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, _______, and a variety of hormones.
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Answer: gastric, PEPSInogen
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Gastric secretion is controlled by both neural and hormonal mechanisms and acts in three distinct phases: the ____ phase, the ______ phase, and the _____ phase.
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Answer: CGI
cephalic, gastric, intestinal |
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The ______ relaxation of the stomach muscle and the _______ of the visceral smooth muscle allow the stomach to accommodate food and maintain internal pressure.
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Answer: reflex-mediated, plasticity
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The interstitial cells of ______ establish the stomach’s basic electrical rhythm of peristaltic waves.
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Answer: Cajal
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The rate at which the stomach empties is determined by both the ______ of the stomach and the ______ that is occurring in the small intestine.
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Answer: contents, processing
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The _________ is the site of the completion of digestion and absorption of nutrients.
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Answer: small intestine
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The rate at which the stomach empties is determined by both the ______ of the stomach and the ______ that is occurring in the small intestine.
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Answer: contents, processing
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The _________ is the site of the completion of digestion and absorption of nutrients.
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Answer: small intestine
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It extends from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve where it joins the large intestine. It has three subdivisions: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum?
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Answer: Small Intestine
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Small Intestine has 3 subdivisions, the _____, the _____, and the _______.
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Answer: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
DJI |
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It is highly adapted for absorption with three microscopic modifications: plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli.
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Answer: Small intestine
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What are the three microscopic modifications of the small intestine?
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Answer: Plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli
PVM |
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In the small intestine, the intestinal crypts, or the crypts of ______, secrete intestinal juice that serves as a carrier fluid for absorbing nutrients from chyme.
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Answer: Lieberkühn
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The _____ and ______ are accessory organs associated with the small intestine.
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Answer: liver, gallbladder
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The _______ is the largest gland in the body and has four lobes.
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Answer: liver
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The liver is composed of liver _______, which are made of plates of liver cells.
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Answer: lobules
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The digestive function of the liver is to produce _____, which is a fat _______.
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Answer: bile, emulsifier
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______ is a yellow-green, alkaline solution containing bile salts, bile pigments (primarily _______), cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, and a variety of electrolytes.
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Answer: Bile, bilirubin
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The ________ stores and concentrates bile that is not needed immediately for digestion.
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Answer: gallbladder
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Bile does not usually enter the small intestine until the gallbladder contracts when stimulated by ________.
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Answer: cholecystokinin (CCK)
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The _________ is an accessory gland that is retroperitoneal.
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Answer: pancreas
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_________ juice consists mainly of water and contains enzymes that break down all categories of foodstuffs and electrolytes.
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Answer: Pancreatic
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Secretion of pancreatic juice is regulated by local ________ and the _________ nervous system.
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Answer: hormones, parasympathetic
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Food takes 3 to 6 hours to complete its digestive path through the small intestine, the site of virtually all _______ absorption.
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Answer: nutrient
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Most substances required for chemical digestion within the small intestine are imported from the ______ and _______.
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Answer: pancreas, liver
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Optimal digestive activity in the small intestine depends on a slow, measured delivery of _______ from the stomach.
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Answer: chyme
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___________ is the most common motion of the small intestine.
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Answer: Segmentation
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The ___________ absorbs water from indigestible food residues and eliminates the latter as feces.
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Answer: large intestine
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The large intestine exhibits three unique features:_____, ______, and ______.
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Answer: teniae coli, haustra, and epiploic appendages,
TC-H-EA |
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The large intestine has the following five subdivisions: _____, _____, _____, ______ and ______.
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Answer: cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal.
Sea Apps, Colonel Rect-anal |
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The mucosa of the large intestine is thick and has ______ with a large number of mucus-producing goblet cells.
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Answer: crypts
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________ entering the colon via the small intestine and anus colonize the colon and ferment some of the indigestible carbohydrates.
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Answer: Bacteria
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The movements seen in the large intestine include ________ contractions and mass movements.
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Answer: haustral
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_____ forced into the rectum by mass movements stretch the rectal wall and initiate the _____ reflex.
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Answer: Feces, defecation
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Chemical digestion is a ______ process in which large food molecules are broken down to chemical building blocks (________), which are small enough to be absorbed by the GI tract lining.
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Answer: catabolic, monomers
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Chemical digestion is accomplished by _______, secreted by intrinsic and accessory glands of the alimentary canal, used in _______ reactions.
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Answer: enzymes, hydrolysis
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______ are simple sugars that are absorbed immediately (glucose, galactose, and fructose).
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Answer: Monosaccharides
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________ are composed of two monosaccharides bonded together (maltose, lactose, and sucrose).
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Answer: Disaccharides
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The digestible ________ found in the diet is starch; other ________, such as cellulose, are not able to be broken down by humans.
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Answer: polysaccharide, polysaccharides
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Chemical digestion of __________ begins in the mouth, where salivary amylase breaks large polysaccharides into smaller fragments.
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Answer: carbohydrates
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_______ digested into amino acids in the GI tract include not only dietary _____ but also enzyme ______secreted into the GI tract lumen.
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Answer: Proteins, proteins, proteins!
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_____, secreted by the chief cells, begins the chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach
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Answer: Pepsin
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________ is produced in infants and breaks down milk proteins.
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Answer: Rennin
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Pancreatic enzymes, such as _______ and __________, further break down proteins in the small intestine.
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Answer: trypsin, chymotrypsin
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The brush border enzymes ________, ________ , and ________ work on freeing single amino acids in the small intestine.
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Answer: carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, and dipeptidase
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The small intestine is the sole site for _____ digestion.
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Answer: lipid
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______ are secreted by the pancreas and are the enzymes that digest fats after they have been pretreated with bile.
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Answer: Lipases
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___________ (both DNA and RNA) are hydrolyzed to their nucleotide monomers by pancreatic nucleases present in pancreatic juice.
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Answer: Nucleic acids
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__________ occurs along the entire length of the small intestine, and most of it is completed before the chyme reaches the _______.
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Answer: Absorption, ileum
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_________ and ________ are transported into the epithelial cells by common protein carriers and are then moved by facilitated diffusion into the capillary blood.
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Answer: Glucose and galactose
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Several types of carriers transport the different amino acids before entering the capillary blood by ________.
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Answer: diffusion
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___________ and _________ of lipid digestion become associated with bile salts and lecithin to form _________, which are necessary for lipid absorption.
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Answer: Monoglycerides and free fatty acids, micelles
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___________, __________, and _________ are transported actively across the epithelium by special transport carriers in the villus epithelium.
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Answer: Pentose sugars, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate ions
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The small intestine absorbs __________, while the large intestine absorbs ________.
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Answer: dietary vitamins, vitamins B and K
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___________are actively absorbed along the entire length of the small intestine, except for calcium and iron, which are absorbed in the duodenum.
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Answer: Electrolytes
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Water is the most abundant substance in ________ and 95% of it is absorbed in the small intestine by osmosis.
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Answer: chyme
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___________of nutrients can result from anything that interferes with the delivery of bile or pancreatic juices, as well as factors that damage the _____________
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Answer: Malabsorption, intestinal mucosa.
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EMBRYO: The epithelial lining of the developing alimentary canal forms from the ________with the rest of the wall arising from the ________.
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Answer: endoderm, mesoderm
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EMBRYO: The __________ endoderm touches the depressed area of the surface _________where the membranes fuse to form the oral membrane and ultimately the mouth.
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Answer: anteriormost, ectoderm
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EMBRYO: The end of the _________ fuses with an ectodermal depression, called the proctodeum, to form the _______membrane and ultimately the anus.
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Answer: hindgut, cloacal
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EMBRYO: By week 8 the ________ canal is a continuous tube stretching from the mouth to the anus.
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Answer: alimentary
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AGING: GI tract _____ declines, digestive juice production decreases, absorption is less efficient, and ______ slows, resulting in less frequent bowel movements and often constipation.
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Answer: motility, peristalsis
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AGING: ________ , fecal incontinence, and cancer of the GI tract are fairly common problems in the elderly.
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Answer: Diverticulosis
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