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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what occurs when bacteria are present in the blood but not growing?
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bacteremia
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what refers to growing bacteria in the blood?
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septicemia
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what is a life threatening condition in which the blood pressure drops and blood vessels collapse? what are the three main words associated with it?
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septic shock; shock, drop and collapse
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1/3 of all septicemias are caused by what organisms?
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gram negative
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what causes septic shock?
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the endotoxins (cell membrane: LPS) produced by the gram negative organisms
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what type of treatments of septicemias often worsen the situation?
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antibiotics
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how many septicemias are nosocomial; following surgery
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1/3
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what is lymphangitis?
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inflammation of the lymphatic vessels that leave the site of injury, other symptoms are fever and shock
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what is the morality rate for septicemia?
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50-70%
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how do you diagnose septicemias?
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blood culture
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how do you treat septicemia?
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an elevation of blood pressure, stabilization followed by antibiotic therapy
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what is the causative agent of puerperal fever?
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streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep): this is in the mother as normal flora, gets in to the blood stream during delivery
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what are signs and symptoms of puerperal fever?
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fever, chills, pelvic distension and tenderness, bloody vaginal discharge
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what is the treatment for puerperal fever?
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antibiotic therapy: usually penicillin: low mortality
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what is the causative agent of Group B streptococcal disease?
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streptococcus agalactiae (Group B strep): in the baby
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what are the symptoms of group b streptococcal disease?
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appear within a few days of birth with fever, respiratory distress and lethargy
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what is the treatment for group b streptococcal disease?
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mother: ampicillin (before birth)
baby is given ampicillin 7-10 days after birth |
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rheumatic fever is a sequelae to what?
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strep pyogenes infection
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rheumatic fever is most common in what age group?
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5-15
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what are the symptoms of rheumatic fever?
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fever and rash followed by arthritis
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how do you diagnose rheumatic fever?
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damage to the mitral valve
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rheumatic fevers should take ____ _____ antibiotics prior to any dental work
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prophylactic antibiotics
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what are the symptoms of bacterial endocarditis?
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fever, malaise, bacteremia and heart murmur in 2 out of 3 patients
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what is the causative agent of bacterial endocarditis?
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viridans streptococcus, enterococcus
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what does it mean when bacterial endocarditis is considered acute?
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it is rapid onset; usually leading to complete valve destruction and death within a few days
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what is the treatment for bacterial endocarditis?
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antibiotice therapy to kill the infection
-often valve replacement -50% cured antibiotics, 25% cured by surgery and 25% die |
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what is the causative agent of bacterial endocarditis?
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staphylococcus aureus
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what is the causative agent of filariasis?
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several roundworms
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what is common with filariasis?
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wuchereria bancrofti
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how many people word wide are infected with filariasis?
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100 million
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how does filariasis occur?
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female worms release embryos called microfilaria which are in the peripheral blood vessels at night and retreat to the deep vessels during the day
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how is filariasis transmitted?
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mosquitos
-when the mosquito bites the microfilaria gain access to the host and reproduce in the lymphatic vessels |
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repeated infections of filariasis leads to..
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elephantiasis
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what is filariasis treated with?
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hetrazan, albendazole or metronidazole
-wrapping the effected limbs to force lymph through the vessels can reduce the size of the effected limb |
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what is the causative agent of anthrax?
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bacillus anthracis
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where is anthrax mostly seen?
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in farm animals, especially herbivores
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what are the 3 types of anthrax?
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-cutaneous: 90% of cases: 10-20% fatal
-intestinal: 5% of cases: 25-50% fata -respiratory: 5% of cases: almost 100% fatal regardless of treatment: bio-terrorism |
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where is pulmonary anthrax common?
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among grazing animals whose noses are close to the soil in which antrhax spores wait
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how does pulmonary anthrax attack?
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-once inhaled into the lungs, the spores germinate in alveoli where they are phagocytized, but not killed by the macrophages
-they eventually kill the macrophages -clots from inside pulmonary capillaries and lymph nodes, causing swelling that obstructs airways -person to person spread does not occur, not coughed up |
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who contracted pulmonary anthrax during the 2001 attacks?
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postal workers: they all lived but never regained their former health
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pulmonary anthrax is treated with what?
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ciprofloxin
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who must be vaccinated for pulmonary anthrax?
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cattle
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what is the causative agent of the plague?
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yersinia pestis
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what are the common vectors of plague?
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rats and fleas
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plague is found in rodents in which part of the US?
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western states
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if plague goes untreated, what is the mortality rate?
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50-60%
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how does yersinia pestis attack?
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travels through the lymphatics and lodge in the lymph nodes where they cause hemorrhages and massive node enlargements
-especially in the axillary and inguinal nodes -called buboes -appear 2-7 days after infection and turn black |
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what is "pneumonic plague"?
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pneumonic plague occurs if the organism colonizes the lungs and air droplets spread (near 100% fatal)
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what is the treatment for plague?
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streptomycin and or tetracycline
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what is the causative agent of lyme disease and what are the major reservoirs?
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CA: borrelia burgdorferi
-whitetail deer and deer ticks are the major reservoirs |
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what are the signs and symptoms of lyme disease?
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after being bitten lyme disease begins with a fever and a characteristic "bull's eye rash"
-untreated it can lead to arthritis nerve and heart disorders |
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what is the treatment for lyme disease?
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doxycycaline and amoxicillin are used for treatment and are much more effective if used early in disease
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what is the causative agent of rickettsial disease?
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rickettsia species, gram negative obligate intracellular parasites
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humans are what kind of hosts for rickettsia species?
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accidental
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what is the treatment for rickettsial diseases?
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tetracycline and chloramphenicol, NOT curative
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what is the causative agent for rocky mountain spotted fever?
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rickettsia rickettsii
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what are the symptoms for rocky mountain spotted fever?
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rapid onset of fever, headache and weakness
-rash develops on the wrists and ankles and progresses to the trunk |
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most reported cases of rocky mountain spotted fever actually occur where?
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in the appalachian mountains
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what is the causative agent of dengue fever?
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four CAs all belonging to the flavavirus family
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what is dengue fever also known as?
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break-bone fever because of severe joing pain
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how is dengue fever transmitted? how do you control the transmission?
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viruses are carried by mosquito vectors that have arrived in the US recently
-mosquito control is best preventative |
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where is yellow fever most common?
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in central and south america
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what is the most common vector/host relationship for yellow fever?
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monkeys = host
mosquitos = vector |
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yellow fever became a problem during the building of what?
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the panama canal
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what are the signs and symptoms of yellow fever?
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fever, nausea and vomiting; liver damage from viral replication in liver cells causes jaundice for which the disease is named for
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what is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis? what other diseases does this agent cause?
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a herpes virus called epstein-barr virus (EBV)
also causes: burkitt's lymphoma and hairy leukoplakia |
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how does EBV affect its host?
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infects primarily B cells
-wherever they may be..bone marrow, intestines, anywhere |
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describe burkitt's lymphoma
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-usually seen as a tumor of the jaw
-more common in countries where there are other parasitic diseases such as malaria |
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describe mono
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-incubation pd is between 30-50 days
-most patients have a sore throat, malaise, mild headache -clinical tests are required for diagnosis because the signs and symptoms of disease resemble many other disorders |
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what is the treatment of infectious mononuecleosis
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-bed rest
-antibiotics to prevent secondary infections: NOT ampicillin: leads to a rash -no vaccine is available -infection leads to lasting immunity |
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what is the common characteristic of causative agents of filoviruses? which is the most famous?
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all have characteristic fish-hook shape
-most famous is the ebola virus |
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what does filovirus result in?
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50-90% fatal
100% result in gruesome-hemorrhagic fever |
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how does ebola (causative agent of filovirus) attack?
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interacts specifically with liver cells and cells of the reticuloendothelial system
-lining of blood capillaries are attacked -capillaries start to leak fluids and plasma proteins -some intravascular coagulation and subsequent loss of normal clotting capability -this leads to shock because of low water volume in the body -causes general interruption of tissue oxygenation causing critical organ failure -impossible to reverse |
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four strains of ebola, the only one not spread in humans is...
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reston strain
-named after reston virginia where monkeys were found as carriers |
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what is the causative agent of leishmaniasis?
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leishmania species
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visceral leishmaniasis - kala azar is also known as what?
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black poison
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what is the leishmaniasis carried by? how many cases are there world wide?
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carried by a sandfly vector
12 million cases |
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what are the symptoms of leishmaniasis?
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high irregular fever, progressive weakness, wasting, protrusion of the abdomen due to extensive liver and spleen enlargement
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what is leishmaniasis treated with?
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antimony compounds
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leishmaniasis is considered a what?
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a desert storm disease
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what is the causative agent of malaria?
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plasmodium species, four species
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what is one of the world's greatest health problems, killing a million people annually?
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malaria
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what are the symptoms of malaria?
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fever, shivering, arthralgia (joint pain), vomiting, anemia and convulsion
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how do malaria causing organisms attack?
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reproduce in RBCs as trophozoites
-release causes high fever intervals |
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what is the treatment of malaria?
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-chloroquine
-prophylactice treatment for people going to malarial regions is recommended 1 wk before during and 6 wks after -treamtnet suppresses clinical symptoms but does not always prevent infection |
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what is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis
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toxoplasma gondii
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most americans who get toxoplasmosis get it from where?
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their cats
-only a problem if the cat is a mouser |
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why is toxoplasmosis a problem within the french?
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they like to eat steak tartar (raw steak)
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toxoplasmosis is most serious in what?
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developing fetuses and newborns
-it also causes blindness and mental retardation |
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one to three cases per 1000 births with a 50% mortality rate is associated with what?
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group B streptococcal disease
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what is the gram stain and morphology of rheumatic fever
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gram positive chains
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