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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In girls, starting at what age would it be indicative that delayed puberty is taking place?
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13
(secondary sex characteristics have not appeared by this age) |
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In boys, starting at what age would it be indicative that delayed puberty is taking place?
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14
(secondary sex characteristics have not appeared by this age |
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What is 95% of the reason for delayed puberty?
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it is a constitutional delay
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What is 5% of the reason for delayed puberty?
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A disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis
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What kind of puberty alteration is this?
-Sexual maturation before age 6 in black girls and age 7 in white girls? |
Precocious Puberty
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What kind of puberty alteration is this?
-sexual maturation before age 9 in boys |
Precocious Puberty
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What kind of puberty alteration is this?
Has 3 forms, isosexual, heterosexual and incomplete |
Precocious Puberty
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Which of the 3 types of precocious puberties, would include the developement of the proper secondary sex characteristics before age 8 or 9?
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Isosexual precocious puberty
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Which of the 3 types of precocious puberties, would include early breast developement or pubic hair growth but no further development
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Incomplete Precocious Puberty
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Which of the 3 types of precocious puberties, would include the developement of the some proper and some improper secondary sex characteristics?
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Heterosexual Precocious Puberty
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What female hormonal and menstrual alteration has the following?
-Painful menstruation associated with prostaglandin release in ovulatory cycles? |
Primary dysmenorrhea
(painful periods!) (related to the duration and amount of menstrual flow) |
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What female hormonal and menstrual alteration has the following?
-Painful menstruation related to pelvic pathology |
Secondary dysmenorrhea
(Not due to prostoglandins) (Can occur at any time in the menstrual cycle) |
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What female hormonal and menstrual alteration has the following?
- Can occur at any time in the menstrual cycle |
Secondary dysmenorrhea
(Not due to prostoglandins) (Painful menstruation related to pelvic pathology) |
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What female hormonal and menstrual alteration has the following?
- Failed of menarche and absence of menstruation by age 14 |
Primary amenorrhea
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What female hormonal and menstrual alteration has the following?
-Absence of menstruation for 6 months in women who have previously menstruated |
Secondary Amenorrhea
(have been cycling before) (pregnancy causes this) (Diet, exercise, lactation are causes) |
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What female hormonal and menstrual alteration has the following?
- menstrual irregularity and/or dysfunctional uterine bleeding |
Abnormal uterine bleeding
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What female hormonal and menstrual alteration has the following?
-oligoovulation (infrequent, irregular ovulation) or anovulations (ovaries fail to release an oocyte) - Elevated levels of androgens or clinical signs of hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries |
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
(leading cause of infertility in the US) (Affects 5-10% of women) (Multifactorial, hyperinsulinism is linked) (Dysfunctional of follicle developement) |
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What female hormonal and menstrual alteration has the following?
-oligoovulation (infrequent, irregular ovulation) or anovulations (ovaries fail to release an oocyte) - Leading cause of infertility in the US - Affects 5-10% of women - Multifactorial, hyperinsulinism is linked) |
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
-oligoovulation (infrequent, irregular ovulation) or anovulations (ovaries fail to release an oocyte) - Elevated levels of androgens or clinical signs of hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries |
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What is the leading cause of infertility in the US?
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Polycystic ovarian syndrom
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What female hormonal and menstrual alteration has the following?
-Cyclic physical, psychological or behavioral changes that impair interpersonal relationships or interfere with usual activities |
Premenstrual Syndrom (PMS)
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What phase does PMS usually occur?
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In the luteal (postovulatory) phase
(has abnormal nervous, immunological, vascular and GI tissue response to the normal menstrual cycle |
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What is salpingitis?
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Inflammation of the fallopian tubes
(a form of pelvic inflammatory Disease) (PID) |
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What is Oophoritis?
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Inflammation of the ovaries
(a form of pelvic inflammatory Disease) (PID) |
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How is PID caused?
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Acute inflmmatory disease caused by infection
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In PID cases, where might sexually transmitted diseases migrate from the vagina?
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From the vagina to the upper genital tract
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What is a polymicrobial infection?
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An infection that comes from mixed bacterial populations (more than one strand of bacteria)
(Common in PID!) |
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What is Vaginitis?
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infection of the vagina, by sexual transmission of a pathogen called Candida albicans
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How does the vagina normally prevent the infection of Candida Albicans, that causes vaginitis?
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The vagina is acidic by nature, and it provides some protection
(Which is maintained by cervical secretions and normal flora) |
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Candida Ablicans is a pathogen that causes what kind of infection?
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Vaginitis
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Mucopurulent (MPC) exudate would be indicative of what kind of infection?
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Cervicitis
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What is the condition called that is inflammation of the female external genitalia?
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Vulvitis
(caused by contact with soaps, detergents, lotions, hygienic sprays, shaving, menstrual pads, perfumed toilet paper, tight fitting clothes) |
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True or False
Tight fitting clothes can cause a vulvitis |
True
(caused by contact with soaps, detergents, lotions, hygienic sprays, shaving, menstrual pads, perfumed toilet paper, tight fitting clothes) |
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Vaginal infections that spread to the labia can cause what kind of infection?
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Vulvitis
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What is the endopelvic fascia and perineal muscles?
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They support the bladder, urethra, and rectum
(lose tone and strength with aging) |
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What is a Uterine Prolapse
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It is falling or sliding of the uterus from its normal
position in the pelvic cavity into the vaginal canal (due to weakness of pelvic musculature and ligaments) (linked to child birth) |
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What is a rectocele?
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The region between the rectum and vagina bulges toward the vagina, resulting in a sense of pressure or protrusion within the vagina
-difficulty passing stool and painful sex are symptoms |
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What is cystocele
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The muscle between a woman's bladder and vagina weakens and allows the bladder to descend into the vagina
- urine leaking and incomplete emptying of bladder are signs |
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What is a dermoid cyst?
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A benign tumor resulting from congenital malformation of the overy
- therefore it comes from overian tissue - can contain diverse types of tissues because they have totipoten cells, can make toenails in cysts |
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What are some different benign ovarian cysts you can find?
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Unilateral cyst - one side
Follicular cysts - results from the growth of a follicle (doesnt rupture to release egg) Corpus Luteum Cyst - busted follicle fills with fluid and blood Dermoid cyst - contains diverse types of tissues, comes from ovaries |
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Which is fluid filled, cyst or a fibroid?
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Cyst!
A fibroid is more solid on the inside |
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What type of benign growth has the following characteristic?
-has one of the 4 kinds of cysts? |
Benign Ovarian Cysts
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What type of benign growth has the following characteristic?
- Benign mass of endometrial tissue? |
Endometrial polyps
(premenstrual, intermenstrual, and excessive bleding can occur) (Malignancy is rare) |
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What are leiomyomas?
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-benign tumors of smooth muscle cells in the myometrium (in uterus).
(also called uterine fibrioids) (caused by abnormal bleeding, pain and symptoms related to pressure on nearby structures) |
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What causes leiomyomas?
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Abnormal bleeding, pain and symptoms related to pressure on nearby structures
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What is Adenomyosis
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Islands of endometrial glands surrounded by benign endometrial stroma within the myometrium
(endometrial cells migrate into the myometrial layer) |
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What is endometriosis?
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Presence of functioning endometrial tissue or implants outside the uterus
(the tissue lining the uterus is found outside the uterus, resulting in pain and infertility |
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What are some causes for endometriosis
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- retrograde mestruation
- depressed T cells tolerate ectopic tissue |
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What would cause a urethral stricture?
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Scarring would cause the narrowing
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What is urethritis usually caused by? What is its unusual cause?
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-Usually caused by sexually transmitted diseases
- nonsexual origins can be due to urologic procedures, insertion of foreign objects and anatomical abnormalities |
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What is phimosis?
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the foreskin of the penis of an uncircumsized male cannot be fully retracted
(cannot retract from the glans of the penis, which is distal to proximal) |
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What is Paraphimosis?
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Inability to replace or cover the glans with the forskin (proximal to distal)
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What is usually the cause of foreskin problems such as phimosis or paraphimosis?
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Poor hygiene or chronic infections
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What disorder is called "Bent nail syndrome?"
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Peyronie disease
(Slow developement of fibrous plaques (thickening) in the erectile tissue of the corpus cavernosa, causing a lateral curvature of the penis during erection (Occurs in middle-aged men and causes painful erections and intercouse) |
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In peyronie disease, where do the fibrous plaues develop?
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in the erectile tissue of the corpus cavernosa
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What is priapism?
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Prolonged penile erection
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Carcinoma of the penis is _______?
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Carcinoma of the penis is RARE!!
(mostly just squamous cell carinomas) |
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What is varicocele?
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Inflamation/dialation of veins in the spermatic cord
(varacose veins in the scrotum) (Caused by inadequate or absent valves in spermatic veins) |
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What is Hydrocele?
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Scrotal swelling due to collection of fluid within the tunica vaginalis
(fluid retained inbetween membranes) (cause by imbalance between fluid secretion and reabsorption) |
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What is spermatocele?
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A painless dilation of the epididymis
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What is Cryptorchidism?
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Failure of one or more of the testes to decend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum
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What is Ectopic Testis?
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Testis that has strayed from the normal pathway of decent
(testis in the wrong place, goes into leg sometimes) |
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What is torsion of the testis?
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- Rotation of the testies
- Causes twisting of blood vessels in the spermatic cord. - Results in painful and swollen testis |
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What is gynecomastia?
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- Overdevelopment of the breast tissue in a male
Results from hormone alterations |
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At what age is male breast cancer commonly seen?
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After age 60
-Tumors resemble carcinomas of the breast in women -Crusting and nipple discharge are common clinical manifestations |
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If a male has crusting and nipple discharge, what is his likely condition?
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Male Breast Cancer
Especially if he is older than 60!! |
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What is glactorrhea?
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Persistent and sometimes excessive secretion of milk fluid from the breasts of a woman who is not pregnant or nursing
(can also happen in men) (women with this experience menstrual abnormalities) |
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What hormone usually decreases prolactin secretion?
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Dopamine!
If dopamine decreases then prolactin secretion will increase! |
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What are risk factors for a prostate cancer?
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- Increase in Androgenic Hormones
- Vasectomy - High fat diet |
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What are the two kinds of prostate gland disorders?
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- Benign Prostate hyperplasia
- Cancer of the Prostate (95% of prostate neoplasms are adenocarcinomas and demonstrate peripheral zone growth) |
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Which prostate disorder has 95% are adenocarcinomas and demonstrate peripheral zone growth?
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Cancer of the Prostate
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Prostatic cancer is (symptomatic/asymptomatic)
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Asymptomatic
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What is Benign prostatic hyperplasia?
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Enlargement of the prostate gland
(different from cancer growing on the gland) |
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What Scrotum, testis or epididymis disorder is common in sexually active young men?
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Epididymitis
(inflammation of the epididymis) (the pathogenic microorganism reaches the epididymis by ascending the vas deferens) |
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What is orchitis?
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- Acute inflammation of the testis
- Complication of a systemic disease or related to epididymitis |
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When is cancer of the testis most common?
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Common in men between ages 15 and 35
(Causes painless testicular enlargement) |