Chapter 22B - The Respiratory System

Front 1

Air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath

Back 1

Tidal volume (TV)

Front 2

Air that can be inspired forceibly beyond the tidal volume.

Back 2

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Front 3

Air that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration.

Back 3

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Front 4

Air left in the lungs after strenuous expiration.

Back 4

Residual Volume (RV)

Front 5

Total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration. (IRV - TV)

Back 5

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

Front 6

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration. (RV-ERV)

Back 6

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

Front 7

The total amount of exchangeable air (TV+IRV+ERV)

Back 7

Vital Capacity (VC)

Front 8

Sum of all lung volumes

Back 8

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Front 9

Volume of the conducting respiratory passages is known as?

Back 9

Anatomical dead space

Front 10

Alveoli that cease to act in gas exchange due to collapse or obstruction

Back 10

Alveolar dead space

Front 11

Sum of alveolar and anatomical dead spaces

Back 11

Total dead space

Front 12

An instrument consisting of a hollow bell inverted over water, used to evaluate respiratory function

Back 12

Spirometer

Front 13

What two things can spirometry distinguish between?

Back 13

1. Obstructive pulmonary disease
2. Restrictive Disorders

Front 14

What disease has increased air resistance?

Back 14

Obstructive pulmonary disease

Front 15

What disorder shows a reduction in total lung capacity from structural or functional lung changes?

Back 15

Restrictive disorders

Front 16

Total amount of gas flow into or out of the respiratory tract in one minute

Back 16

Total ventilation

Front 17

Gas forcibly expelled after taking a breath

Back 17

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

Front 18

Increases in TLR, FRC & RV may occur as a result of what disease?

Back 18

Obstructive Disease

Front 19

Reduction in VC, TLC, FRC, and RV result from what disease?

Back 19

Restrictive disease

Front 20

Measures the flow of fresh gases into and out of the alveoli during a particular time

Back 20

Alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)

Front 21

AVR (ml/min) = frequency (breaths/min) X (TV-deadspace) (ml/breath)

Back 21

Alveolar Ventilation Rate

Front 22

Slow, deep breathing (increases/decreases) _______ AVR and rapid, shallow breathing (increases/decreases) ________ AVR.

Back 22

Increases
Decreases

Front 23

Most nonrespiratory air movements result from -

Back 23

reflex action

Front 24

Some examples of nonrespiratory air movement reflex actions ~

Back 24

coughing, sneezing, crying, laughing, hiccupping, and yawning

Front 25

Daltons Law
Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each ____________.

Back 25

gas in the mixture

Front 26

Daltons Law
The partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its ~

Back 26

percentage in the mixture

Front 27

Henry's Law
When a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in porportion to it's _________.

Back 27

partial pressure

Front 28

The amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid also depends upon it's ______

Back 28

solubility

Front 29

What is the most soluble gas?

Back 29

carbon dioxide

Front 30

_______ is 1/20th as soluble as carbon dioxide?

Back 30

Oxygen

Front 31

__________ is practically insoluble in plasma.

Back 31

Nitrogen

Front 32

The atmosphere is mostly oxygen and nitrogen, while alveoli contain more _______ and ________.

Back 32

carbon dioxide and water

Front 33

The differences in the composition of alveolar gas result from ~
1.
2.
3.

Back 33

1. Gas exchanges in the lungs. (Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli)
2. Humidification - of air by conducting passages.
3. The mixing of alveolar gases that occurs with each breath.

Front 34

What factors influence the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane?

Back 34

1. partial pressure gradiants and gas solubilities.
2. matching of alveolar ventilation and plumonary blood perfusion
3. Structural characteristics of the repiratory membrane

Front 35

The amount of gas reaching the alveoli is known as

Back 35

Ventilation

Front 36

The action of blood flow reaching the alveoli is called ~

Back 36

perfusion

Front 37

Ventilation and perfusion must be tightly regulated for ______________.

Back 37

efficient gas exchange

Front 38

The servicing areas where alveolar carbon dioxide is low (constrict/dilate) _________.

Back 38

constrict

Front 39

Repiratory membrances are only 0.5 to 1 pm thick, allowing for ____________.

Back 39

efficient gas exchange

Front 40

Respiratory membranes will thicken if lungs become waterlogged and edematous, whereby gas exchange is(adequate/inadequate) _____ and oxygen deprivation results

Back 40

inadequate

Front 41

Decrease in surface area with emphysema, when walls of adjacent alveoli ________.

Back 41

break through

Front 42

Molecular oxygen is carried in the _______.

Back 42

blood

Front 43

Molecular oxygen carried in the blood is bound to __________ within red blood cells.

Back 43

hemoglobin (Hb)

Front 44

Molecular oxygen is carried in the blood and is dissolved in ________.

Back 44

plasma

Front 45

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three forms ~

Back 45

1. Dissolved in plasma
2. Chemically bound to hemoglobin
3. Bicoardonate ion in plasma (MOST)

Front 46

Carbon dioxide diffuses into RBS's and combines with water to form ______.

Back 46

Carbonic acid

Front 47

Bicarbonate quickly diffuses from RBC's into the ______.

Back 47

plasma

Front 48

In order to counterbalance the outrush of negative bicarbonate ions from the RBC's, chloride ions (Cl-) move from the plasma into the erythrocytes is known as the _________.

Back 48

The chloride shift

Front 49

Gasping for breath causes ~

Back 49

acidosis

Front 50

Changes in respiratory rate can cause what two things?

Back 50

1. it can alter blood Ph
2. Provide a fast-acting system to adjust Ph when it is disturbed by metabolic factors

Front 51

Medullary Repiratory Center
The dorsal respiratory group (DRG), or inspiratory center is known as the _____________.

Back 51

Pacesetting respiratory center

Front 52

What center is known as the pacesetting respiratory center?

Back 52

Dorsal repiratory group (DRG) or inspiratory center - which is part of the Medullary Respiratory Center which controls respiration

Front 53

What center controls respiration?

Back 53

The Medullary RespiratoryCenters

Front 54

What respiratory group is involved in forced inspiration and expiration?

Back 54

The Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

Front 55

What center influences and modifies activity of the medullary centers?

Back 55

Pons

Front 56

What center smooths out inspiration and expiration transitions and vice versa?

Back 56

Pons

Front 57

___________ is determined by how actively the respiratory center stimulates the respiratory muscles.

Back 57

Inspiratory depth

Front 58

__________ is determined by how long the inspiratory center is active.

Back 58

Rate of respiration

Front 59

Respiratory centers located in these two areas are sensitive to both excitatory and inhibitory stimuli.

Back 59

pons and medulla

Front 60

The ______ acts thru the limbic system to modify rate and depth of respiration?

Back 60

hypothalamic
ex: breathing faster due to fear

Front 61

A rise in body temperature acts to (increase/decrease) respiratory rate.

Back 61

increase

Front 62

What controls are direct signals from the cerebral motor cortex that bypass medually controls.

Back 62

Cortical controls
ex: voluntary breath holding, taking a deep breath

Front 63

Changes in Pco2 levels are monitored by ____________ of the brain stem

Back 63

chemoreceptors

Front 64

In what fluid does carbon dioxide diffuse to and is hydrated?

Back 64

cerebrospinal fluid

Front 65

Pco2 levels rise resulting in increased depth and rate of breathing. This causes

Back 65

hypercapnia

Front 66

Important fact:
CO2 is more important than 02.

Back 66

.

Front 67

What causes hyperventilation?

Back 67

increased depth and rate of breathing

Front 68

Increased depth and rate of breathing causes ~

Back 68

hyperventilation

Front 69

What happens during hyperventilation?

Back 69

carbon dioxide is quickly flushed from the blood

Front 70

What causes hypoventilation?

Back 70

slow and shallow breathing due to abnormally low Pco2 levels.

Front 71

Slow and shallow breathing due to abnormally low Pco2 levels causes?

Back 71

hypoventilation

Front 72

What is apnea?

Back 72

breathing cessation - may occur until Pco2 levels rise

Front 73

What oxygen levels are monitored by the aortic and carotid bodies?

Back 73

Arterial

Front 74

What is COPD?

Back 74

obstructive pulmonary disease

Front 75

COPD is exemplified by ~

Back 75

chronic bronchitis and obstructive emphysema

Front 76

Patients with a COPD have a history of what

Back 76

smoking
Dyspnea, where labored breathing occurs and gets progressively worse
Coughing and frequent pulmonary infections

Front 77

Dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness are characteristics of ~

Back 77

asthma

Front 78

Airway inflammation is an ______ response.

Back 78

immune

Front 79

Squamous cell carcinoma arises in

Back 79

bronchial epithelium

Front 80

Adenocarcinoma orginiates in

Back 80

peripheral lung area

Front 81

Small cell carcinoma contains lymphocyte-like cells that originate in the _____ and subsequently metastasize.

Back 81

bronchi

Front 82

Hypercapnia occurs in response to ~

Back 82

Hyperventilation

Front 83

Apnea occurs in response to

Back 83

Hypoventilation