Chapter 22; Reproductive System

Front 1

(Male Reproductive System) What is the primary sex organ?

Back 1

Testes

Front 2

(Male Reproductive System) This organ produces and maintains (also matures) sperm cells.

Back 2

Testes

Front 3

(Male Reproductive System) Testes produces and maintains (also matures) ________ _______.

Back 3

Sperm cells

Front 4

The primary sex organs (gonads) of the male reproductive system.

Back 4

Testes

Front 5

(Male Reproductive System) Produces the male sex hormones.

Back 5

Testes

Front 6

Other structures of the male reproductive system besides the testes are termed ________ _______ __________.

Back 6

Accessory Sex Organs

Front 7

(Male Reproductive System) The testes are contained in the cavity of the _________.

Back 7

Scrotum

Front 8

These are contained in the cavity of the scrotum.

Back 8

Testes

Front 9

Where are the testes contained?

Back 9

in the cavity of the scrotum

Front 10

These originate in the posterior part of the abdominal cavity near the kidneys.

Back 10

Testes

Front 11

The testes originate in the posterior part of the _________ ________ near the kidneys.

Back 11

abdominal cavity

Front 12

The testes originate in the posterior part of the abdominal cavity near the ________.

Back 12

kidneys

Front 13

These must descend in the scrotum.

Back 13

Testes

Front 14

The testes must descent in the ___________.

Back 14

scrotum

Front 15

These are assisted by a cord called the gubernaculums attached to the lower part of the scrotum.

Back 15

Testes

Front 16

Testes are assisted by a cord called the _____________ attached to the lower part of the scrotum and pass through the inguinal canal to reach the scrotum.

Back 16

gubernaculums

Front 17

Testes are assisted by a cord called the gubernaculums attached to the lower part of the____________ and pass through the inguinal canal to reach the scrotum.

Back 17

scrotum

Front 18

Testes are assisted by a cord called the gubernaculums attached to the lower part of the scrotum and pass through the _________ ________ to reach the scrotum.

Back 18

Inguinal Canal

Front 19

Testes are assisted by a cord called the gubernaculums attached to the lower part of the scrotum and pass through the inguinal canal to reach the ___________.

Back 19

Scrotum

Front 20

What is the term applied to undescended testes?

Back 20

Cryptorchism

Front 21

Cryptorchism is the term applied to ____________ testes.

Back 21

undescended

Front 22

Cryptorchism is the term applied to undescended _________.

Back 22

testes

Front 23

In this male problem, the temperature of the abdominal cavity is too high and the spermatogenic cells degenerate.

Back 23

Cryptochism

Front 24

In Cryptochism, the temperature of the __________ __________ is too high and the spermatogenic cells degenerate.

Back 24

abdominal cavity

Front 25

In Cryptochism, the temperature of the abdominal cavity is too high and the ____________ cells degenerate.

Back 25

spermatogenic cells

Front 26

In Cryptochism, the temperature of the abdominal cavity is too high and the spermatogenic cells __________.

Back 26

degenerate

Front 27

This term marking undescended testes results in sterility of the male.

Back 27

Cryptochism

Front 28

What does Cryptochism result in?

Back 28

Sterility of the male

Front 29

The tough, white fibrous coat that encapsulates the testes.

Back 29

Tunic Albuginea

Front 30

The tunic albuginea is the tough, white fibrous coat the encapsulates the ____________.

Back 30

Testes

Front 31

This connective tissue divides the testes into about 250 lobules.

Back 31

Septa

Front 32

Septa is a ________ tissue that divides testes into about 250 lobules.

Back 32

connective

Front 33

Septa is a connective tissue that divides ________ into about 250 lobules.

Back 33

testes

Front 34

Septa is a connective tissue that divides testes into about _____ lobules.

Back 34

250

Front 35

Septa is a connective tissue that divides testes into about 250 ______.

Back 35

lobules

Front 36

In the testes, each lobule contains one to four, highly coiled, convoluted ___________ ___________.

Back 36

Seminiferous tubules

Front 37

Seminiferous tubules unite in a complex network of tubules called these.

Back 37

Rete testis

Front 38

These are joined to a tube called the epididymus and are the result in a complex network of seminiferous tubules.

Back 38

Rete testis

Front 39

Rete testis are made up of these tubules.

Back 39

Seminiferous

Front 40

These tubules are lined with spermatogenic cells which produce sperm.

Back 40

Seminiferous tubules

Front 41

Seminiferous tubules are lined with these cells, which produce sperm.

Back 41

Spermatogenic Cells

Front 42

Seminiferous tubules are lined with spermatogenic cells, which produce _________.

Back 42

Sperm

Front 43

What do spermatogenic cells produce?

Back 43

sperm

Front 44

What cells line the seminiferous tubules?

Back 44

spermatogenic cells

Front 45

What cells lie >between< the seminiferous tubules?

Back 45

interestrial cells

Front 46

Between the seminiferous tubules, lies the ___________ cells, which produce male sex hormones.

Back 46

Interestrial Cells

Front 47

These cells lie between seminiferous tubules and produce male sex hormones.

Back 47

Interestrial Cells

Front 48

Interestrial cells lie between _________ ___________ and produce male sex hormones.

Back 48

Seminiferous Tubules

Front 49

Interestrial cells lie between seminiferous tubules and produce these hormones.

Back 49

Male sex hormones

Front 50

These cells produce sperm cells.

Back 50

Spermatogenic cells

Front 51

Spermatogenic cells produce these cells.

Back 51

Sperm cells

Front 52

These cells are immature and must be sustained by sustenacular cells.

Back 52

Sperm cells

Front 53

Sperm cells are immature and must be sustained by these cells.

Back 53

Sustenacular Cells

Front 54

These cells are part of the lining of the semiferous tubule and nourish the developing sperm cells.

Back 54

Sustenacular cells

Front 55

Sustenacular cells are part of the lining of the _________ ________ and nourish the developing sperm cells.

Back 55

semiferous tubule

Front 56

Sustenacular cells are part of the lining of the semiferous tubule and ________ the developing sperm cells.

Back 56

nourish

Front 57

Sustenacular cells are part of the lining of the semiferous tubule and nourish the developing _______ cells.

Back 57

sperm

Front 58

At puberty, when testosterone levels rise, the primary spermatocytes reproduce by this.

Back 58

Meiosis

Front 59

At _______, when testosterone levels rise, the primary spermatocytes reproduce by Meiosis.

Back 59

puberty

Front 60

At puberty, when ___________ levels rise, the primary spermatocytes reproduce by Meiosis.

Back 60

testosterone

Front 61

At puberty, when testosterone levels rise, the primary _______________ reproduce by Meiosis.

Back 61

spermatocytes

Front 62

At puberty, when testosterone levels rise, the ________ spermatocytes reproduce by Meiosis.

Back 62

primary

Front 63

The head of a sperm cell consists of these two things.
1.)
2.)

Back 63

acrosome & nucleus

Front 64

This structure of a sperm cell contains digestive enzymes to assist in egg entry.

Back 64

Acrosome

Front 65

The acrosome of a sperm cell contains __________ enzymes to assist in egg entry.

Back 65

digestive

Front 66

The acrosome of a sperm cell contains digestive _________ to assist in egg entry.

Back 66

enzymes

Front 67

The acrosome of a sperm cell contains digestive enzymes to assist in ______ entry.

Back 67

egg

Front 68

The acrosome of a sperm cell contains digestive enzymes to assist in egg ________.

Back 68

entry

Front 69

This structure of a sperm cell contains 23 chromosomes (not pairs)

Back 69

Nucleus

Front 70

The nucleus of a sperm cell contains how many chromosomes (not pairs)

Back 70

23

Front 71

(TRUE/FALSE) The nucleus of a sperm cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Back 71

false = 23 chromosomes but NOT pairs

Front 72

(TRUE/FALSE) The nucleus of a sperm cell contains 23 individual chromosomes, not pairs.

Back 72

TRUE

Front 73

This structure of the sperm cell contains a filamentous core and many mitochondria.

Back 73

Midpiece

Front 74

The midpiece of the sperm cell contains a filamentous core and many _____________.

Back 74

mitochondria

Front 75

This structure of the sperm cell contains several microtubules enclosed in the cell membrane.

Back 75

Tail

Front 76

The tail of the sperm cell contains several _____________ enclosed in the cell membrane.

Back 76

microtubules

Front 77

The tail of the sperm cell contains several microtubules enclosed in the _________ __________.

Back 77

cell membrane

Front 78

What are the four structures of the sperm cell?
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)

Back 78

1.) Head: Acrosome
2.) Head: Nucleus
3.) Midpiece
4.) Tail

Front 79

The epididymides, vasa deferentia, ejaculatory ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbouretheral glands are all examples of these.

Back 79

Male internal accesory organs

Front 80

One on each testes, and is the site of where maturation of the sperm takes place.

Back 80

Epididymus

Front 81

There is one on epididymus on each testes, which is the site of where ___________ of the sperm takes place.

Back 81

maturation

Front 82

There is one on epididymus on each testes, which is the site of where maturation of the ________ takes place.

Back 82

sperm

Front 83

This carries the sperm to the ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicles.

Back 83

Vas Deferens

Front 84

The Vas Deferens carries this to the ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicles.

Back 84

sperm

Front 85

The Vas Deferens carries the sperm to the _______________ ______ and seminal vesicles.

Back 85

Ejaculatory Duct

Front 86

The Vas Deferens carries the sperm to the ejaculatory duct and _________ _____________.

Back 86

Seminal Vessicles

Front 87

The Vas Deferens carries the sperm to the _______________ ______ and _________ ________.

Back 87

ejaculatory duct and seminal vessicles

Front 88

Part of the spermatic cord that passes superior, outside the abdominal cavity, and passes through the lower abdominal muscles to enter the abdomen near the prostate gland.

Back 88

Vas Deferens

Front 89

The fusion or combination of the duct of the seminal vesicles and vas deferens which then empties into the prostatic urethra.

Back 89

Ejaculatory Duct

Front 90

The ejaculatory duct is the fusion or combination of the duct of the ________ _________ and vas deferens which then empties into the prostatic urethra.

Back 90

seminal vesicles

Front 91

The ejaculatory duct is the fusion or combination of the duct of the seminal vesicles and _____ ________ which then empties into the prostatic urethra.

Back 91

vas deferens

Front 92

The ejaculatory duct is the fusion or combination of the duct of the seminal vesicles and vas deferens which then empties into the _________ __________.

Back 92

Prostatic urethra

Front 93

The ejaculatory duct is the fusion or combination of the duct of the _______ __________ & ________ _________ which then empties into the prostatic urethra.

Back 93

seminal vesicles & vas deferens

Front 94

This produces and stores a fluid that helps regulate pH, energizes sperm with fructose and prostoglandins and greatly increases the volume of the seminal fluid.

Back 94

Seminal Vesicle

Front 95

The seminal vesicle produces and stores a fluid that helps regulate ___, energizes sperm with fructose and prostoglandins and greatly increases the volume of the seminal fluid.

Back 95

pH

Front 96

The seminal vesicle produces and stores a fluid that helps regulate pH, energizes sperm with __________ and prostoglandins and greatly increases the volume of the seminal fluid.

Back 96

fructose

Front 97

The seminal vesicle produces and stores a fluid that helps regulate pH, energizes sperm with fructose and ______________ and greatly increases the volume of the seminal fluid.

Back 97

prostoglandins

Front 98

The seminal vesicle produces and stores a fluid that helps regulate pH, energizes sperm with ________ and ________________ and greatly increases the volume of the seminal fluid.

Back 98

fructose and prostoglandins

Front 99

The seminal vesicle produces and stores a fluid that helps regulate pH, energizes ______ with fructose and prostoglandins and greatly increases the volume of the seminal fluid.

Back 99

sperm

Front 100

The seminal vesicle produces and stores a fluid that helps regulate pH, energizes sperm with fructose and prostoglandins and greatly increases the volume of the _________ ________.

Back 100

seminal fluid

Front 101

A chestnut-shaped gland just inferior to the urinary bladder.

Back 101

Prostate gland

Front 102

The prostate gland is a "______" shaped gland just inferior to the urinary bladder.

Back 102

chestnut

Front 103

The prostate gland is a chestnut shaped gland just inferior to the __________ _________.

Back 103

urinary bladder

Front 104

This gland secretes a thin, milky fluid and has an alkaline pH to counteract the acidic pH of the vagina and acidic pH of the seminal fluid, which enhances the motility of sperm

Back 104

Prostate gland

Front 105

The prostate gland secretes a thin, milky fluid and has an ________ pH to counteract the acidic pH of the vagina and acidic pH of the seminal fluid, which enhances the motility of sperm.

Back 105

alkaline

Front 106

This gland secretes a thin, milky fluid.

Back 106

prostate gland

Front 107

This gland has an alkaline pH to counteract the acidic pH of the vagina and seminal fluid, which enhances the motility of sperm.

Back 107

prostate gland

Front 108

This gland enhances the motility of sperm.

Back 108

prostate gland

Front 109

The prostate gland has an _______ pH to counteract the _________ pH of the vagina and seminal fluid, which enhances the motility of sperm.

Back 109

alkaline pH to counteract acidic pH

Front 110

The prostate gland has an alkaline pH to counteract the acidic pH of the _________ and ________ ________, which enhances the motility of sperm.

Back 110

vagina & seminal fluid

Front 111

The prostate gland has an alkaline pH to counteract the acidic pH of the vagina and seminal fluid, which enhances the ________ of sperm.

Back 111

motility

Front 112

The prostate gland has an alkaline pH to counteract the acidic pH of the vagina and seminal fluid, which enhances the motility of ________.

Back 112

sperm

Front 113

Also known as Cowper's glands, these are located just inferior to the prostate.

Back 113

Bulbourethral glands

Front 114

Bulbourethral glands are also known as _____________'s glands, and are located just inferior to the prostate.

Back 114

Cowper's

Front 115

Bulbourethral glands are also known as Cowper's glands, and are located just inferior to the ________.

Back 115

prostate

Front 116

These glands secrete a mucus-like fluid in response to sexual stimulation and lubricates the penis for preparation for sexual intercourse. This is NOT semen.

Back 116

Bulbourethral Glands

Front 117

(TRUE/FALSE) Bulbourethral glands secrete a mucus-like fluid called semen.

Back 117

FALSE = it does secrete mucus but this is NOT semen.

Front 118

The fluid that is conveyed to the outside during ejaculation and is from a combination of sources.

Back 118

Semen

Front 119

The volume of semen released at one time varies from ___ to ___ milliliters with about 120 million sperm per ml

Back 119

2 - 5

Front 120

The volume of semen released at one time varies from 2 to 5 ________ with about 120 million sperm per ml

Back 120

milliliters

Front 121

The volume of semen released at one time varies from 2 to 5 milliliters with about _____ million sperm per ml

Back 121

120

Front 122

The volume of semen released at one time varies from 2 to 5 milliliters with about ____________ sperm per ml

Back 122

120 million

Front 123

The process sperm undergoes when inside the female reproductive tract; whereby their arcosomal membranes are weakened allowing the arcosome to become functional

Back 123

Capacitation

Front 124

Capacitation is the process sperm undergoes when inside the _________ ___________ ___________.

Back 124

Female reproductive tract

Front 125

Capacitation is when acrosomal membranes are __________ allowing the acrosome to become functional.

Back 125

weakened

Front 126

Capacitation is when ______________ membranes are weakened allowing the acrosome to become functional.

Back 126

acrosomal

Front 127

Capacitation is when acrosomal membranes are weakened allowing the acrosome to become __________.

Back 127

functional

Front 128

Capacitation is when acrosomal membranes are weakened allowing the __________ to become functional.

Back 128

acrosome

Front 129

_______________ is when acrosomal membranes are weakened allowing the acrosome to become functional.

Back 129

Capacitation

Front 130

A pouch of skin that hangs from the lower pelvic region posterior to the penis.

Back 130

Scrotum

Front 131

Maintains a slightly lower temperature more conducive to sperm production and survival.

Back 131

Scrotum

Front 132

The scrotum maintains a slighlty (HIGHER/LOWER) temperature and is more conductive to sperm production and survival.

Back 132

LOWER

Front 133

Divided into two chambers and is homologous to the labia in the female system.

Back 133

Scrotum

Front 134

The scrotum is homologous to this in the female system.

Back 134

Labia

Front 135

A cylindrical organ composes of erectile tissue, the urethra and skin

Back 135

Penis

Front 136

Composed of two corpora cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum

Back 136

Body/shaft of penis

Front 137

The body/shaft of the penis is composed of two __________ ____________ and one ________ ____________.

Back 137

TWO => Corpora Cavernosa
ONE => Corpus Spongiosum

Front 138

Located on the right and left dorsal aspects of the penis

Back 138

Corpora Cavernosa

Front 139

Contains the penile urethra and becomes, at its distal end, the glans penis.

Back 139

Corpus Spongiosum

Front 140

The Corpus spongiosum contains the penile urethra and becomes this at its distal end.

Back 140

glans penis

Front 141

This covers the glans penis.

Back 141

Prepuce/ Foreskin

Front 142

The surgical removal of the prepuce.

Back 142

Circumcision

Front 143

Circumsision is the surgical removal of the _________.

Back 143

Prepuce

Front 144

This is caused from parasympathetic nerve impulses releases NO, a vasodilator, in the penile arteries, which allows an increased blood flow into the erectile tissues and compressing the veins that mediate the exit of blood from the organ

Back 144

Erection

Front 145

These nerve impulses release during erection.

Back 145

Parasympathetic nerve impulses

Front 146

The culmination of stimulation, a pleasurable feeling of psychological and physiological release accompanied by emission and ejaculation.

Back 146

Orgasm

Front 147

The forceful expulsion of semen from the urethra due to the sequentially orchestrated events
associated with sexual arousal, stimulation and orgasm.

Back 147

Ejaculation

Front 148

The movement of sperm cells from the testes and secretions from the prostate and seminal vesicles into the urethra where they mix to form semen.

Back 148

Emission

Front 149

These nerve impulses control emission.

Back 149

Sympathetic nerve impulses

Front 150

Sympathetic nerve impulses stimulate peristaltic contractions in the smooth muscles in the walls of the of the testicular ducts, epididymides, vasa deferentia, and ejaculatory ducts which controls this...

Back 150

Emission

Front 151

Emission is the movement of sperm cells from the testes and secretions from the prostate and seminal vesicles into the urethra where they mix to form semen
control: sympathetic nerve impulses stimulate peristaltic contractions in the smooth muscles in the walls of the of the testicular ducts, epididymides, vasa deferentia, and ejaculatory ducts while other sympathetic impulses stimulate rhythmic contraction of the seminal vesicles and prostate gland forcing semen into the urethra
-skeletal muscles at the base of the erectile columns rhythmically contract forcing the semen to be ejected from the urethra with the alkaline fluid from the bulbourethral glands being expelled first.
-after ejaculation sympathetic impulses constrict the penile arteries reducing the blood flow and the blood drains out of the tissues via the veins and the penis returns to its flaccid state
-the period following ejaculation during which another erection, or ejaculation, can be achieved is called the refractory period and lasts 10 t0 30 minutes, or longer, depending on the individual Men have periods too.

Back 151

Just study this there is no answer. Just facts you need to know, and too lazy to quiz yourself on.

Front 152

The period following ejaculation during which another erection, or ejaculation, can be achieved

Back 152

Refractory Period

Front 153

The refractory period and lasts ____ to _____ minutes, or longer, depending on the individual

Back 153

10 - 30

Front 154

A spinally mediated response to sexual stimulation via the autonomic nervous system, and therefore, is involuntary.

Back 154

Ejaculation

Front 155

(TRUE/FALSE) Ejaculation is involuntary.

Back 155

TRUE

Front 156

(TRUE/FALSE) Ejaculation is voluntary.

Back 156

FALSE = Involuntary

Front 157

Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions – page 845, fig. 22.17
Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones
- after about age 10 the hypothalamus secretes GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) that:
- stimulates the anterior pituitary to release the gonadotropins LH (luteinizing hormone,
- called ICSH {interstitial cell stimulating hormone in males}) and FSH (follicle stimulating
hormone)
- these promote the development of the interstitial cells of the testes and
- they secrete male sex hormones
- FSH also stimulates the sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules to develop
- Spermatogenic cells become active
Control: a hormone called inhibin secreted by the sustentacular cells inhibits the anterior pituitary
gland via negative feedback.. Also, androgens inhibit oversecretion of GnRH and
LH (ICSH)

Back 157

Just Know this once again. Study it good it's all underlined.

Front 158

Termed androgens and the most abundant is testosterone

Back 158

Male Sex Hormones

Front 159

Male sex hormones are termed __________ and the most abundant is testosterone.

Back 159

Androgens

Front 160

Male sex hormones are termed androgens. What are the most abundant androgens?

Back 160

Testosterone

Front 161

Most male sex hormones are produced by these cells.

Back 161

Interestrial Cells

Front 162

This hormone stimulates the formation of the male reproductive organs (penis, scrotum, prostate gland, seminal vesicles and ducts)

Back 162

Testosterone

Front 163

Testosterone stimulates the formation of the _________ ___________ organs (penis, scrotum, prostate gland, seminal vesicles and ducts)

Back 163

Male reproductive

Front 164

At puberty this hormone stimulates the enlargement of the testes and accessory reproductive organs and the secondary sex characteristics unique to the male

Back 164

Testosterone

Front 165

This hormone leads to increased body hair, esp. on the face, chest, axillary region and pubic region - enlargement of the larynx and thickening of the focal folds => lowering of the voice

Back 165

Testosterone

Front 166

This hormone leads to thickening of the skin, regardless of their social/ethnic background (pun intended)

Back 166

Testosterone

Front 167

This hormone leads to increased muscular growth, broadening of the shoulders, and narrowing of the waist -- thickening and strengthening of the bones

Back 167

Testosterone

Front 168

This hormone increases the metabolic rate.

Back 168

Testosterone

Front 169

(TRUE/FALSE) Testosterone increases the metabolic rate.

Back 169

TRUE

Front 170

Regulation of Male Sex Hormones
-negative feedback via the hypothalamus whereby the increased levels of testosterone inhibit the hypothalamus’ production of LH (ICSH), which decreases the activity of the interstitial cells so they produce less testosterone.

Back 170

Know this.

Front 171

The name given the natural reduction in production of testosterone and sexual function due to aging.

Back 171

Climacteric

Front 172

Climacteric is the name given for the natural reduction in production of ____________ and sexual function due to aging.

Back 172

Testosterone

Front 173

Climacteric is the name given the natural reduction in production of testosterone and sexual function due to __________.

Back 173

aging

Front 174

Organs of the Female Reproductive System – page 846. figs. 22.18 a, b, 22.19 through 22.28
While the organs of the male reproductive system are designed to produce many gametes and deliver them, but the female reproductive system is designed to receive those gametes, produce some of its own, provide a suitable environment, and incubate and nourish the result of fertilization through an extended period of development then successfully deliver the new being into the outside world. This provides a whole different perspective regarding the female system.

Back 174

Know this also. Gettin really lazy but for real your gonna have to study this shit.

Front 175

Primary sex organ of the female which produce the female sex cells.

Back 175

Ovaries

Front 176

Solid >ovoid< structures about 2.3 cm long and 2 cm in width and about 1 cm thick.

Back 176

Ovaries

Front 177

Ovaries are solid ovoid structures about ___ cm long and ___ cm in width and about ___ cm thick.

Back 177

2.3 Long
2.0 Wide
1.0 Thick

Front 178

Thickened folds of the peritoneum.

Back 178

Ovarian Attachments

Front 179

Ovarian attachments are thickened folds of the _____________.

Back 179

Peritoneum

Front 180

Attaches the ovary to the inner surface of the coxa and is the largest ligament of attachment.

Back 180

Broad ligament

Front 181

Attaches the ovary to the inner surface of the coxa and is the largest ligament of attachment. It also attaches to the uterine tube and uterus.

Back 181

Broad Ligament

Front 182

Attaches the ovary by its upper end to the coxa (hipbone/pelvic brim) in at more posterior location than the broad ligament and contains both blood vessels and nerves.

Back 182

Suspensory Ligament

Front 183

A rounded cord-like thickening of the broad ligament that attaches the ovary to the uterus.

Back 183

Round Ligament

Front 184

These begin their development near the kidneys and descend to locations just inferior to the pelvic brim and attach to the lateral pelvic wall.

Back 184

Ovaries

Front 185

The ovaries begin their development near the ________ and descend to locations just inferior to the pelvic brim and attach to the lateral pelvic wall.

Back 185

Kidneys

Front 186

The ovaries begin their development near the kidneys and descend to locations just inferior to the _________ ________ and attach to the lateral pelvic wall.

Back 186

pelvic brim

Front 187

The ovaries begin their development near the kidneys and descend to locations just inferior to the pelvic brim and attach to the _______ _________ _________.

Back 187

lateral pelvic wall

Front 188

The Ovary is divided into these two regions:
1.) (inner)
2.) (outer)

Back 188

1.) Medulla
2.) Cortex

Front 189

This structure is divided into an (inner) medulla and an (outer) cortex.

Back 189

Ovary

Front 190

Composed mostly of loose CT, many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves (in the ovary)

Back 190

Medulla (inner)

Front 191

Consists of a more compact tissue made up of tiny masses of cells called ovarian follicles. (structure of the ovary)

Back 191

(outer) cortex

Front 192

Tiny masses of cells in the (outer) cortex of the ovary are known as these.

Back 192

Ovarian follicles

Front 193

Where are ovarian follicles located? The (inner) medulla or (outer) cortex of the ovary?

Back 193

(outer) cortex

Front 194

Made up of an outer layer of cuboidal epithelial cells on top of a layer of dense CT, called the tunica albuginea, same as the testes. (structure of the ovary)

Back 194

(outer) cortex

Front 195

Several million of these are formed before birth, but only about 400 or 500 will be released from the ovary in the person’s productive lifetime

Back 195

Primordial follicles

Front 196

Several million primordial follicles are formed before birth, but only about _____ or _______ will be released from the ovary in the person’s productive lifetime

Back 196

400 or 500

Front 197

Formed prenatally and undergo partial stages of meiosis and then stop their development

Back 197

Premordial Follicles

Front 198

Premordial follicles are formed prenatally and undergo partial stages of meiosis and then _____ their development

Back 198

STOP

Front 199

(TRUE/FALSE) New premordial follicles are formed after the original level of development.

Back 199

FALSE = New ones are NOT formed

Front 200

Egg formation is known as this.

Back 200

Oogenesis

Front 201

Oogenesis is ______ formation.

Back 201

Egg

Front 202

Oogenesis – egg formation - page 848, figs. 22.23, 22.25
- begins at puberty when some of the primary oocytes are stimulated to continue meiosis
- as with sperm, they have one-half as many chromosomes as their parent cells – one chromosome set (they get the other set from the sperm cell at fertilization)
- when the primary oocyte divides, it does so unequally, producing one secondary oocyte and one first polar body, which is very small eventually degenerates
- at the second meiotic division, the large secondary oocyte, which has 23 chromosomes that have two chromatids joined by a centrosome, is now a viable ovum and can then become fertilized by a sperm
- upon fertilization, the oocyte undergoes a second meiotic division to produce a second polar body (with 23 chromosomes {as “chromatids”) and a zygote with a full complement of 46 chromosomes in the form of chromatids from the oocyte and sperm gametes.

Back 202

Ahhh your so lazy, but you have to know this too.

Front 203

(Follicle Maturation) At puberty the anterior pituitary secretes more _____ (________ _________ _______) and the ovaries enlarge.

Back 203

FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)

Front 204

(Follicle Maturation) At puberty the anterior pituitary secretes more FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and the
_________ enlarge.

Back 204

Ovaries

Front 205

(Follicle Maturation) Some of the ___________ _________ mature and the surrounding follicular cells divide mitotically giving rise to stratified epithelium composed of granulosa cells

Back 205

Primordial Follicles

Front 206

(Follicle Maturation) Some of the primordial follicles _________ and the surrounding follicular cells divide mitotically giving rise to stratified epithelium composed of granulosa cells

Back 206

Mature

Front 207

(Follicle Maturation) Some of the primordial follicles mature and the surrounding follicular cells divide mitotically giving rise to stratified epithelium composed of ___________ cells.

Back 207

Granulosa

Front 208

(Follicle Maturation) A layer of glycoprotein, called the ______ _______ gradually separates the oocyte from the granulosa cells and at this stage the structure is called a primary follicle

Back 208

Zona Pellucida

Front 209

(Follicle Maturation) a layer of glycoprotein, called the zona pellucida gradually separates the ________ from the _______ cells and at this stage the structure is called a primary follicle

Back 209

oocyte from the granulosa cells

Front 210

(Follicle Maturation) A layer of glycoprotein, called the zona pellucida gradually separates the oocyte from the granulosa cells and at this stage the structure is called a __________ ________.

Back 210

primary follicle

Front 211

(Follicle Maturation) Ovarian cells outside the follicle become organized into these two layers.
1.)
2.)

Back 211

1.) Inner Vascular Layer
2.) Outer Fibrous Layer

Front 212

(Follicle Maturation) Ovarian cells in this layer are composed of steroid secreting cells.

Back 212

Inner Vascular Layer

Front 213

(Follicle Maturation) Ovarian cells of this layer are made up of tightly packed CT cells.

Back 213

Outer Fibrous Layer

Front 214

(Follicle Maturation) This is formed when follicular cells proliferate until there are 6 to 12 layers and then an irregular fluid-filled space develops among them with the oocyte pushed off to one side.

Back 214

Secondary Follicles

Front 215

(Follicle Maturation) This follicle takes 10 to 14 days and it is about 10 mm or more in diameter and bulges outward on the ovarian surface.

Back 215

Mature (Graffian Follicle)

Front 216

(Follicle Maturation) Maturation of the follicle takes ___ to ____ days and it is about 10 mm or more in diameter and bulges outward on the ovarian surface

Back 216

10 to 14

Front 217

(Follicle Maturation) Maturation of the follicle takes 10 to 14 days and it is about ___ mm or more in diameter and bulges outward on the ovarian surface

Back 217

10 mm

Front 218

(Follicle Maturation) Maturation of the follicle takes 10 to 14 days and it is about 10 mm or more in diameter and bulges outward on the _________ _________.

Back 218

Ovarian Surface

Front 219

(Follicle Maturation) The oocyte within the follicle is nourished by the follicular cells and as many as 20 are maturing until the __________ _________ fully develops, at which time the others degenerate resulting in a single ovulation.

Back 219

dominant follicle

Front 220

(Follicle Maturation) The oocyte within the follicle is nourished by the follicular cells and as many as 20 are maturing until the dominant follicle _________ _________, at which time the others degenerate resulting in a
single ovulation

Back 220

Fully developes

Front 221

(Follicle Maturation) The oocyte within the follicle is nourished by the follicular cells and as many as 20 are maturing until the dominant follicle fully develops, at which time the others ________ resulting in a single ovulation

Back 221

degenerate

Front 222

(Follicle Maturation) The oocyte within the follicle is nourished by the follicular cells and as many as 20 are maturing until the dominant follicle fully develops, at which time the others degenerate resulting in a
_______ ____________.

Back 222

Single ovulation

Front 223

As follicle matures, the primary oocyte undergoes meiosis producing a secondary oocyte and a first polar body. The release of these cells is called ___________.

Back 223

Ovulation

Front 224

From the anterior pituitary, this hormone triggers ovulation.

Back 224

LH (luteinizing hormone)

Front 225

This hormone causes the follicle to swell rapidly and its wall to weaken, rupture and expel the oocyte during ovulation.

Back 225

LH

Front 226

In Ovulation, the oocyte and one or two layers of follicular cells are propelled to the opening of the uterine tube, and if it is not fertilized in a short time, it ____________.

Back 226

Degenerates

Front 227

Note: fertilization takes place in the neighborhood of the enlarged end of the uterine tube called the infundibulum near the base of the fimbriae. The sperm must swim quite a distance in pH hostile territory.

Back 227

Hmmm....Fun Fact.

Front 228

These tubes are suspended by the broad ligament.

Back 228

Uterine Tubes

Front 229

These tubes are about 10 cm long, 0.7 mm in diameter and open at the end near the ovary, which it does not touch except for one fimbrium.

Back 229

Uterine Tubes

Front 230

The expanded, funnel-shaped distal end which partially encircles the ovary.

Back 230

Infundibulum

Front 231

Extends from the infundibulum without touching the ovary, except for one which attaches directly to the ovary.

Back 231

Fimbriae

Front 232

This layer of the uterine tube is drawn into longitudinal folds and is lined with simple columnar epithelial cells, some of which are ciliated which beat to move the egg toward the uterus.

Back 232

Inner mucosal layer

Front 233

The inner mucosal layer of the uterine tube is drawn into longitudinal folds and is lined with __________ _________ ________ cells, some of which are ciliated which beat to move the egg toward the uterus.

Back 233

Simple Columnar Epithelial

Front 234

The inner mucosal layer of the uterine tube is drawn into longitudinal folds and is lined with simple columnar epithelial cells, some of which are ciliated which beat to move the _____ toward the ______.

Back 234

Egg => Uterus

Front 235

Layer of uterine tube which contains smooth muscle whose peristaltic actions help move the egg toward uterus

Back 235

Middle Layer

Front 236

Middle Layer of uterine tube contains _________ _______ whose peristaltic actions help move the egg toward uterus

Back 236

Smooth Muscle

Front 237

Layer of uterine tube that contains serous membrane of the peritoneum.

Back 237

Outer layer

Front 238

Shaped somewhat like an inverted pear

Back 238

Uterus

Front 239

Located in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity, superior to the vagina and bent over the urinary bladder

Back 239

Uterus

Front 240

Size of uterus in the non-gravid state is about ___cm long and____ cm wide and ___ cm in diameter

Back 240

7 LONG
5 WIDE
2.5 DIAMETER

Front 241

Upper 2/3 of the uterus is called the _______.

Back 241

Body

Front 242

The top of the uterus is called the __________.

Back 242

Fundus

Front 243

The lower 1/3 of the uterus is the _________.

Back 243

Cervix

Front 244

The uterine tubes join the uterus at this site, on both sides.

Back 244

Fundus

Front 245

The inner, mucosal layer lining the uterine cavity.

Back 245

Endometrium

Front 246

The middle, thick, muscular layer of smooth muscles of circular, spiral, and ongitudinal orientation of the uterine cavity.

Back 246

Myometrium

Front 247

The outer layer made of serous membrane and covers the body of the uterus and part of the cervix

Back 247

Perimetrium

Front 248

Fibro-muscular tube about 9 cm long and connects the cervix of the uterus to the outside

Back 248

Vagina

Front 249

Conveys uterine secretions, is the organ of copulation and birth passageway

Back 249

Vagina

Front 250

Recesses at the upper end near the cervix are the anterior and posterior fornices (sing. fornix)

Back 250

Vagina

Front 251

The (anterior/posterior) fornix of the vagina is somewhat longer and provides surgical “access” for some procedures.

Back 251

posterior

Front 252

The vaginal orifice is partially closed by a thin, highly vascularized membrane called the _______ with an opening that allows uterine secretions to pass

Back 252

Hymen

Front 253

What are the three layers of the vagina?
1.)
2.)
3.)

Back 253

Inner
Middle
Outer

Front 254

This layer of the vagina contains mucosa of stratified squamous epithelium, which provides mechanical protection.

Back 254

Inner layer

Front 255

The inner layer of the vagina contains what kind of epithelium?

Back 255

Stratified Squamos

Front 256

This layer of the vagina is drawn into longitudinal and transverse folds called vaginal rugae.

Back 256

Inner layer

Front 257

The inner layer of the vagina is drawn into _________ and ________ folds called vaginal rugae.

Back 257

longitudal and transverse

Front 258

The inner layer of the vagina is drawn into longitudinal and transverse folds called ______ _________.

Back 258

vaginal rugae

Front 259

This layer of the vagina lacks mucus glands.

Back 259

Inner layer

Front 260

Mucous of the vagina comes from the _________ and __________ glands.

Back 260

cervix and vestibular glands

Front 261

Muscular layer of smooth muscle oriented in both longitudinal and circular patterns in the vagina.

Back 261

Middle layer

Front 262

At the lower end of this vaginal layer there a thin band of skeletal (voluntary) muscle that helps close the vaginal opening. A different and separate muscle, the bulbospongiosis is the primary muscle for this purpose.

Back 262

Middle layer

Front 263

Fibrous layer interlaced with elastic fibers that attaches the vagina to surrounding organs.

Back 263

Outer layer

Front 264

The outer layer of the vagina is a fibrous layer interlaced with _______ ________ that attaches the vagina to surrounding organs.

Back 264

Elastic Fibers

Front 265

A term that collectively includes both the labia majora and labia minora.

Back 265

Vulva

Front 266

Encloses and protects the other external genitalia of the vagina

Back 266

labia majora

Front 267

Homologous to the scrotum of the male

Back 267

labia majora

Front 268

Composed of folds of adipose, some smooth muscle and is homologous to the scrotum of the male

Back 268

labia majora

Front 269

Inner surface thin with sebaceous glands, outer surface normal skin with hair

Back 269

labia majora

Front 270

Anteriorly merge to form the rounded elevation of adipose called the mons pubis – more hair!

Back 270

labia majora

Front 271

Posteriorly merges into the perineum, near the anus.

Back 271

labia majora

Front 272

Called the fourchette and is the site of episiotomies, the incision to direct tearing during giving birth to prevent the anal injury, also surgical incisions heal more rapidly than tears.

Back 272

labia majora

Front 273

Flattened longitudinal folds between the labia majora defining the space called the vestibule

Back 273

labia minora

Front 274

Composed of richly vascular CT and covered with stratified squamous epithelium this is the flattened longitudinal folds between the labia majora defining the space called the vestibule.

Back 274

labia minora

Front 275

Posteriorly, merge with the labia majora

Back 275

labia minora

Front 276

Anteriorly, these converge to form a hood-like covering around the clitoris.

Back 276

labia minora

Front 277

Homologous with the male penis with much the same inner construction

Back 277

Clitoris

Front 278

The clitoris is about ___cm long and ____ cm in diameter

Back 278

2.0 LONG
0.5 Diameter

Front 279

Contains two columns of erectile tissue called corpora cavernosa with a glans at the end. Richly supplied with sensory nerve fibers.

Back 279

Clitoris

Front 280

Not actually a structure as much as it is a space, - enclosed by the labia minora

Back 280

Vestibule

Front 281

Vagina opens into the posterior portion of this.

Back 281

Vestibule

Front 282

Urethra open in the midline between the _________ and the ______, about 2.5 cm posterior of the glans of the clitoris.

Back 282

Clitoris and Vagina

Front 283

Ducts of these glands (homologous to the bulbourethral glands of the male) open on each side of the vagina and they function to produce mucus as lubrication

Back 283

Vestibular Glands

Front 284

Masses of vascular erectile tissue on each side of the vagina and urethra

Back 284

Vestibular Bulbs

Front 285

This sexual stimulation causes the erectile tissues of the clitoris and vestibular bulbs to send parasympathetic nerve impulses to the sacral portion of the spinal cord.

Back 285

Erection

Front 286

The female erection is a sexual stimulation that causes the erectile tissues of the _________ and ________ _________ to send parasympathetic nerve impulses to the sacral portion of the spinal cord.

Back 286

clitoris and vestibular bulbs

Front 287

The female erection is a sexual stimulation causes the erectile tissues of the clitoris and vestibular bulbs to send ______________ nerve impulses to the sacral portion of the spinal cord.

Back 287

parasympathetic

Front 288

Erection – page 856
- sexual stimulation causes the erectile tissues of the clitoris and vestibular bulbs to send parasympathetic nerve impulses to the sacral portion of the spinal cord
- this inhibits the sympathetic nerve control of the arteries supplying these tissues
- arteries dilate resulting in an inflow of blood into the erectile tissues
- vagina expands and elongates
- parasympathetic impulses stimulate the vestibular glands to secrete mucus into vestibule
- lubrication is provided and is continued during intercourse
- prior to orgasm, the tissues of the outer 1/3 of the vagina engorge with blood and swell
- with sufficient stimulation of the sensitive clitoris culminates in orgasm, the pleasurable sensation of physiological and psychological release
- following orgasm, the reproductive tract reverses these processes and returns to its prior state

Back 288

KNOW THIS VERY IMPORTANT JUST READ!!!

Front 289

Female sex hormones are immature until approx the age ____.

Back 289

10

Front 290

(Female Sex Hormones) Secretes increasing amounts of GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)

Back 290

Hypothalamus

Front 291

(Female Sex Hormones) The hypothalamus secretes increasing amounts of _______ (__________ _________ ________)

Back 291

GnRH (gonadotrophin releasing hormone)

Front 292

(Female Sex Hormones) This hormone stimulates the anterior pituitary to release the gonadotropins FSH and LH.

Back 292

GnRH (gonotrophin releasing hormone)

Front 293

(Female Sex Hormones) This hormone causes the hormones estrogen and progesterone to be produced.

Back 293

FSH

Front 294

(Female Sex Hormones) The hormone FSH causes the hormones _________ and __________ to be produced.

Back 294

estrogen and progesterone

Front 295

(Female Sex Hormones) These hormones are produced by the ovaries, adrenal cortices and placenta (during preg.)

Back 295

FSH which produce estrogen and progesterone

Front 296

(Female Sex Hormones) Primarily in the ovaries, but also synthesized in adipose tissue by adrenal androgens

Back 296

Estrogens

Front 297

(Female Sex Hormones) In puberty anterior pituitary secretes additional ______ and _____.

Back 297

FSH & LH

Front 298

(Female Sex Hormones) In puberty, _______ stimulate enlargement of accessory organs including: vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries

Back 298

Estrogens

Front 299

(Female Sex Hormones) During this time in a female's life, estrogens stimulate enlargement of accessory organs including: vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries

Back 299

Puberty

Front 300

(Female Sex Hormones) Responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics.

Back 300

Estrogens

Front 301

(Female Sex Hormones) Responsible for the development of breasts and the duct system within the breasts.

Back 301

Estrogens

Front 302

(Female Sex Hormones) Estrogens are responsible for the development of _________ and the duct system within the _________.

Back 302

Breasts Breasts

Front 303

(Female Sex Hormones) Estrogens are responsible for the development of breasts and the ______ system within the breasts.

Back 303

Duct

Front 304

(Female Sex Hormones) Responsible for the increased deposition of adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer in breasts, thighs, buttocks

Back 304

Estrogens

Front 305

(Female Sex Hormones) Hormone responsible for increased vascularization of the skin.

Back 305

Estrogens

Front 306

(Female Sex Hormones) This hormone stimulates the growth of axillary and pubic hair

Back 306

Female Androgens

Front 307

(Female Sex Hormones) Since androgens in the female are reduced compared to the male, the skeletal and muscular systems develop narrow shoulders, broader hips, and less musculature, especially in the upper body.

Back 307

Just lettin ya know!

Front 308

First reproductive cycle (period) of the female reproductive cycle is called this.

Back 308

Menarche

Front 309

Female Reproductive Cycle – page 858, fig. 22.32
Read pages 858 and 859 prior to class to support the following summary.
- first reproductive cycle (period) is called menarche
- hypothalamus become less sensitive to GnRH resulting in the negative feedback control of the hypothalamus to produce more GnRH which causes the anterior pituitary to release threshold levels of FSH and LH which sets the reproductive cycle in motion
- estrogens are cause the development of secondary sex characteristics, such as the breasts, hair patterns and production (pubic and axillary), development of the accessory reproductive organs, adipose deposition and placement and skeletal development

Back 309

Female Reproductive Cycle Please Read Pages to retain a clearer understanding. Pussy Juice.

Front 310

Normal Menstrual Cycle – page 858, Table 22.4, fig. 22.32
Do not confuse the uterine cycle with the ovarian cycle, as they take place within their own areas, but are inter-related functionally and hormonally. By paying close attention to what the hormones do, it helps one understand how the two cycles interact and are connected.

Back 310

yeah yeah yeah know this too

Front 311

(Menstrual Cycle) On day 1, when the menstrual discharge begins, _________ & __________ are at low levels.

Back 311

estrogen and progesterone

Front 312

(Menstrual Cycle) On the first day of menstruation, this follicle begins to develop.

Back 312

Ovarian follicle

Front 313

(Menstrual Cycle) During the first week estrogen and progesterone begin to __________ and the glandular endometrium begins to ___________.

Back 313

Increase & thicken

Front 314

(Menstrual Cycle) During the first week ____________ and ____________ begin to increase and the glandular endometrium begins to thicken.

Back 314

estrogen and progesterone

Front 315

(Menstrual Cycle) During the first week estrogen and progesterone begin to increase and the _________ _____________ begins to thicken.

Back 315

glandular endometrium

Front 316

(Menstrual Cycle) During the first week the ovarian follicle further develops and develops a fluid-filled cavity under the influence of _______.

Back 316

FSH

Front 317

(Menstrual Cycle) Week two, estrogen and progesterone continue to increase with estrogen rising sharply to
peak at about day __ and then dropping somewhat and the endometrium thickens.

Back 317

12

Front 318

(Menstrual Cycle) After a gradual increase, FSH and LH rise sharply at day __, especially LH with ovulation occurring on about day __ due to the influence of LH

Back 318

13
14

Front 319

(Menstrual Cycle) After a gradual increase, ___ and __ rise sharply at day 13, especially __ with ovulation occurring on about day 14 due to the influence of __.

Back 319

FSH & LH
LH influence of LH~

Front 320

~MENSTRUAL CYCLE~
(uterine) menstrual discharge begins estrogen and progesterone are at low levels
(ovarian) ovarian follicle begins to develop
A) Day One
B) Week One
C) Week Two
D) Week Three
E) Week Four

Back 320

Day One

Front 321

~MENSTRUAL CYCLE~
(uterine) estrogen and progesterone begin to increase and the glandular endometrium begins to thicken
(ovarian) follicle further develops and develops a fluid-gilled cavity under the influence of FSH
A) Day One
B) Week One
C) Week Two
D) Week Three
E) Week Four

Back 321

Week One

Front 322

~MENSTRUAL CYCLE~
(uterine) estrogen and progesterone continue to increase with estrogen rising sharply to peak at about day 12 and then dropping somewhat and the endometrium thickens
(ovarian) after a gradual increase, FSH and LH rise sharply at day 13, especially LH with ovulation occurring on about day 14 due to the influence of LH
A) Day One
B) Week One
C) Week Two
D) Week Three
E) Week Four

Back 322

Week Two

Front 323

~MENSTRUAL CYCLE~
(uterine) estrogen drops to a degree and then increases, but not to its peak level; progesterone continues to rise, due to the formation and activation of the corpus luteum, which produced estrogen and progesterone – these help build up the endometrium for pregnancy
(ovarian) during week three, the corpus luteum develops and the “luteal phase” begins which is characterized by an increased production of progesterone and estrogen
A) Day One
B) Week One
C) Week Two
D) Week Three
E) Week Four

Back 323

Week Three

Front 324

~MENSTRUAL CYCLE~
(uterine) estrogen reaches another, lower and less sharp peak and progesterone is declining with the endometrium also reaching its greatest thickness and then beginning to thin. By the end of the week, the levels of progesterone and estrogen are at their base levels and the endometrium thins and degrades until it begins to be discharged
(ovarian) the developed corpus luteum degenerates and becomes the corpus albicans, this is why the levels of progesterone and estrogen drop to normal levels.
A) Day One
B) Week One
C) Week Two
D) Week Three
E) Week Four

Back 324

Week Four

Front 325

the cease of reproductive cycles

Back 325

Menopause

Front 326

In Menopause, estrogens and progesterone are __________.

Back 326

reduced

Front 327

In Menopause, estrogens are synthesized from __________ _______________.

Back 327

Adrenal Androgens

Front 328

In Menopause, menses becomes irregular and ______.

Back 328

STOPS

Front 329

In Menopause, pubic and axillary hair may _______, as does the _______.

Back 329

thin as does the skin

Front 330

Due to low ___________ => uterus, vagina, uterine tubes and breasts may shrink and bone loss may occur (Menopause)

Back 330

Estrogen

Front 331

Due to low estrogen => uterus, vagina, uterine tubes and breasts may shrink and _________ _________ may occur (Menopause)

Back 331

Bone Loss

Front 332

Menopause is caused by low ____________.

Back 332

Estrogen

Front 333

Due to low estrogen => uterus, vagina, uterine tubes and breasts may __________ and bone loss may occur. (Menopause)

Back 333

Shrink

Front 334

Due to low estrogen, uterus, vagina, uterine tubes and breasts may shrink and bone loss may occur during this cease of reproductive cycles.

Back 334

Menopause

Front 335

Note on Menopause: the text says the “There may be increased loss of bone matrix”, but it should be remembered that the collagenous component of the bone is also diminished, or the bones would not be brittle, so don’t believe it is only “calcium”, because the protein is also being lost.

Back 335

Just know the shit.

Front 336

These are located in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior thorax within hemispherical elevations called breasts

Back 336

Mammary Glands

Front 337

At the tip of each breast is the _____________.

Back 337

Nipple

Front 338

The circular layer of pigmented skin around the nipple.

Back 338

Areola

Front 339

The mammary glands are composed of _____ to ________ irregularly shaped lobes

Back 339

15 to 20

Front 340

Mammary glands are composed of 15 to 20 ____________ shaped lobes

Back 340

Irregulary

Front 341

Mammary glands are composed of 15 to 20 irregularly shaped ___________.

Back 341

Lobes

Front 342

Each lobe of the mammary gland contains these glands.

Back 342

Alveolar Glands

Front 343

The alveolar glands discharge their products into these ducts.

Back 343

Lactiferous Ducts

Front 344

These ducts lead to the nipple and the outside lobes are supported by dense CT.

Back 344

Lactiferous Ducts

Front 345

Lactiferous ducts lead to the ________ and the outside lobes are supported by dense CT.

Back 345

the nipple

Front 346

The lactiferous ducts lead to the nipple and the outside lobes are supported by this tissue.

Back 346

dense CT

Front 347

Dense strands of CT extend inward from the dermis to the fascia of the chest wall and form these ligaments of the breasts.

Back 347

Suspensory Ligaments

Front 348

Dense strands of CT extend inward from the ______ to the fascia of the chest wall and form the suspensory ligaments of the breasts.

Back 348

Dermis

Front 349

Dense strands of CT extend inward from the dermis to the ______ of the chest wall and form the suspensory ligaments of the breasts.

Back 349

Fascia

Front 350

Dense strands of CT extend inward from the dermis to the fascia of the chest wall and form the suspensory ligaments of the __________.

Back 350

breasts

Front 351

Do males have mammary glands?

Back 351

Yes

Front 352

Do females have mammary glands?

Back 352

yes

Front 353

(TRUE/FALSE) At puberty, males mammary glands develop.

Back 353

FALSE JUST GIRLS SILLY

Front 354

When do female mammary glands develop?

Back 354

puberty, duh

Front 355

These hormones (mostly estrogens) promote primary breast development and adipose deposition.

Back 355

Ovarian hormones

Front 356

Ovarian hormones (mostly estrogens) promote primary _________development and adipose deposition

Back 356

Breast

Front 357

The second stage of breast development takes place during ______________, which explains breast enlargement at that time

Back 357

Pregnancy

Front 358

The mammary glands remain immature until ____________.

Back 358

Pregnancy

Front 359

The mammary glands are immature, and remain so, until ____________, when placental lactogen is produced by the placenta and stimulates the mammary glands and duct system to become fully developed and functional

Back 359

Pregnancy

Front 360

The mammary glands are immature, and remain so, until pregnancy, when ________________ ______________ is produced by the placenta and stimulates the mammary glands and duct system to become fully developed and functional.

Back 360

placental lactogen

Front 361

The mammary glands are immature, and remain so, until pregnancy, when placental lactogen is produced by the ___________ and stimulates the mammary glands and duct system to become fully developed and functional.

Back 361

placenta

Front 362

The mammary glands are immature, and remain so, until pregnancy, when placental lactogen is produced by the placenta and stimulates the ___________ glands and ____ system to become fully developed and functional.

Back 362

Mammary glands & Duct system

Front 363

The practice of withdrawing the penis before ejaculation. Not really reliable and nobody really likes it.

Back 363

Coitus Interruptus

Front 364

The practice of abstaining from sexual intercourse during fertile periods and engaging in sexual intercourse during infertile periods.

Back 364

Rhythm Methods

Front 365

These barriers prevent sperm cells from entering the female reproductive tract e.g. condom, diaphragm and cervical cap.

Back 365

Mechanical Barriers

Front 366

List three mechanical barriers.

Back 366

1.) Condom
2.) Diaphragm
3.) Cervical Cap

Front 367

A latex or natural membrane sheath placed over the erect penis before intercourse. What is this an example of?

Back 367

Condom and it is an example of a mechanical barrier

Front 368

A cup-shaped disc that fits over the cervix to block entry of sperm, also uses spermicide. Must be fitted for size by a physician and then used, or no benefit will be realized. What is this an example of?

Back 368

Diaphragm and is an example of a mechanical barrier

Front 369

A diaphragm is a cup-shaped disc that fits over the __________ to block entry of _________, also uses spermicide. Must be fitted for size by a physician and then used, or no benefit will be realized.

Back 369

Fits over the cervix to block the entry of sperm.

Front 370

Very similar to the diaphragm, but smaller and held in place by suction. What is this and what is it an example of?

Back 370

This is a cervical cap and is an example of a mechanical barrier.

Front 371

These barriers includes creams, foams and jellies that are spermicidal. Have a high failure rate when used alone – better when used with a condom or diaphragm

Back 371

Chemical Barriers

Front 372

(TRUE/FALSE) Chemical barriers (including creams, foams and jellies) have a low failure rate.

Back 372

FALSE high failure rate

Front 373

Employ estrogen and progesterone.

Back 373

Combined hormone contraceptives

Front 374

Combined hormone contraceptives employ ________ and __________.

Back 374

Estrogen and progesterone

Front 375

One of the most popular hormone contraceptives, which has numerous side effects. 27% had weight gain averaging 12 pounds. Other side-effects included menstrual irregularity, headaches, and reduced sexual desire. This is actually an implant.

Back 375

Depoprovera

Front 376

When taken daily, this disrupts the normal pattern of gonadotropin secretion and prevents the LH surge that triggers ovulation. When used correctly, prevent pregnancy nearly 100% of the time. Has lots of side effects such as nausea, retained fluids, incr. pigmentation, breast tenderness, etc.

Back 376

Oral contraceptives "birth control"

Front 377

Hormone contraceptive applied to the skin for 3 out of 4 weeks.

Back 377

The "patch"

Front 378

The hormone contraceptive, "the patch" is applied to the skin for ___ out of 4 weeks.

Back 378

three weeks out of four weeks

Front 379

This hormone contraceptive is a small, solid object placed in the uterine cavity. This involves numerous side effects such as excessive bleeding, cramps, may be expelled, prevention not entirely reliable.

Back 379

Intrauterine Device

Front 380

Employs sterilization, can be reversible sometimes

Back 380

Surgical method of hormone contraception.

Front 381

A procedure in which the vas deferentia are cut and tied near the epididymis. Prevents sperm from exiting the male reproductive tract.

Back 381

Vasectomy

Front 382

Procedure on the female whereby the uterine tubes are cut and tied. Prevents the sperm from reaching the ovarian end of the tube and the ova from being transported to the uterus. The sperm and egg cannot meet.

Back 382

Tubal Ligation

Front 383

(TRUE/FALSE) Surgical procedures of hormone contraception may result in any inconvenience, hormonal or sex drive changes

Back 383

False, would be crazy though

Front 384

Diseases whose transmission is mainly by means of sexual activity.

Back 384

"STDs" Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Front 385

Diseases in which bacteria enters the vagina and spread throughout the reproductive organs => cramps, fever, chills, and weakness

Back 385

Gonorhea and Chlamydia

Front 386

In gonorhea and chlamydia , uterus and tubes can become ___________ resulting in infertility or possible ectopic pregnancy

Back 386

Scarred

Front 387

In gonorhea and chlamydia , _______ and _______ can become scarred resulting in infertility or possible ectopic pregnancy

Back 387

Uterus & Tubes

Front 388

In gonorhea and chlamydia , uterus and tubes can become scarred resulting in __________ or possible ectopic pregnancy

Back 388

Infertility

Front 389

In gonorhea and chlamydia , uterus and tubes can become scarred resulting in infertility or possible _________ pregnancy

Back 389

Ectopic

Front 390

Why increased risk of ectopic pregnancy when uterus or tubes are scarred?
The _____ of the epithelia of the uterine tubes cannot transport the zygote to the uterus for implantation, so it implants in the tube

Back 390

cilia

Front 391

Why increased risk of ectopic pregnancy when uterus or tubes are scarred?
The cilia of the ________ of the uterine tubes cannot transport the zygote to the uterus for implantation, so it implants in the tube

Back 391

epithelia

Front 392

Why increased risk of ectopic pregnancy when uterus or tubes are scarred?
The cilia of the epithelia of the ________ ________ cannot transport the zygote to the uterus for implantation, so it implants in the tube

Back 392

uterine tubes

Front 393

Why increased risk of ectopic pregnancy when uterus or tubes are scarred?
The cilia of the epithelia of the uterine tubes cannot transport the ______ to the uterus for implantation, so it implants in the tube

Back 393

zygote

Front 394

Why increased risk of ectopic pregnancy when uterus or tubes are scarred?
The cilia of the epithelia of the uterine tubes cannot transport the zygote to the ________ for implantation, so it implants in the tube

Back 394

uterus

Front 395

Why increased risk of ectopic pregnancy when uterus or tubes are scarred?
The cilia of the epithelia of the uterine tubes cannot transport the zygote to the uterus for ______________, so it implants in the tube

Back 395

implantation

Front 396

Why increased risk of ectopic pregnancy when uterus or tubes are scarred?
The cilia of the epithelia of the uterine tubes cannot transport the zygote to the uterus for implantation, so it implants it in the ________.

Back 396

tube

Front 397

Steady deterioration of the body’s immune defenses by a virus.

Back 397

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency disorder)

Front 398

Virus that causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency disorder)

Back 398

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

Front 399

This virus is transmitted via body fluids such as semen, blood, milk, and possibly saliva. Most often by use of a contaminated needle or sexual intercourse

Back 399

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)