Chapter 22 Lymph And Immune

Front 1

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Back 1

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Front 2

What are 8 parts of the
lymphatic system?

Back 2

lymph
lymphatic vessels
lymphatic tissues
lymphatic nodules
lymph nodes
tonsils
spleen
thymus

Front 3

What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system?

Back 3

1. FLUID BALANCE. Maintains fluid balance in the tissues
2. FAT ABSORPTION. Absorbs fats from the small intestine
3. DEFENSE. Defends against microorganisms and foreign substances.

Front 4

How is lymph formed?

Back 4

*Lymph forms from the plasma and interstitial fluids draining from capillary beds. Filtration from the plasma normally exceeds reabsorption, leading to the formation of lymph. Movement of fluid from blood capillaries into tissues and from tissues into lymphatic capillaries to form lymph.

Front 5

Describe the structure of a lymphatic capillary. Why is it easy for fluid and other substances to enter a lymphatic capillary?

Back 5

Lymphatic capillaries lack a basement membrane and have loosely overlapping epithelial cells which allows easy entry of fluid.

Front 6

What is the function of the valves in the lymphatic vessels?

Back 6

Lymphatic vessels have valves that ensure one-way flow of lymph.

Front 7

Name 3 mechanisms responsible for the movement of lymph through the lymphatic vessels

Back 7

1. Contraction of lymphatic vessel smooth muscle
2. Contraction of skeletal muscles
3. Thoracic pressure changes

Front 8

What are the lymphatic trunks & ducts?

Back 8

Lymphatic trunks and ducts drain lymph from the body.

They empty into the blood at thoracic veins (junctions of the internal jugular and subclavian veins).

Front 9

Name the largest lymphatic vessel

Back 9

Thoracic duct (38-45 cm in length)

Front 10

What is the cisterna chyli?

Back 10

Enlarged inferior end of the thoracic duct that receives chyle from the intestine

Front 11

What areas of the body are drained by the right lymphatic trunks, left lymphatic trunks, and thoracic duct?

Back 11

???

Front 12

What are the functions of lymphocytes and reticular fibers in lymphatic tissue?

Back 12

Lymphocytes attach to reticular fibers to form a fiber network that traps microorganisms and other particles in the fluid

Front 13

What is the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)? In what way is the location of MALT beneficial?

Back 13

MALT is nonencapsulated lymphatic tissues located in and below the mucous membranes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts. In these locations, the lymphatic tissues is well located to intercept microorganisms as they enter the body.

Front 14

Define diffuse lymphatic tissue

Back 14

Diffuse lymphatic tissue consists of dispersed lymphocytes and has no clear boundaries.

Front 15

Define lymphatic nodules

Back 15

Lymphatic nodules small aggregates of lymphatic tissue

Front 16

Define Peyer's patches

Back 16

Peyer's patches are aggregations of lymphatic nodules found in the distal half of the small intestine and appendix.

Front 17

Define lymphatic follicle

Back 17

Lymphatic follicles are lymphatic nodules found within lymph nodes and the spleen.

Front 18

Describe the structure, function, and location of the tonsils

Back 18

Structure- Large groups of lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissue

Function- Provide protection against bacteria and other potentially harmful material entering the pharynx from the nasal or oral cavities.

Location- Deep to the mucous membranes within the pharynx.

Front 19

Where are the lymph nodes found?

Back 19

Lymph nodes are distributed along the course of the lymphatic vessels.

Front 20

Describe the parts of a lymph node and explain how lymph flows through a lymph node.

Back 20

?

Front 21

What are the functions of lymph nodes? How are they accomplished?

Back 21

Lymph nodes filter lymph, removing bacteria and other materials.

Substances in lymph are removed by phagocytosis, or they stimulate lymphocytes (or both).

Front 22

What is a germinal center?

Back 22

Area of rapid lymphocyte division. Lymphocytes leave the lymph node and circulate to other tissues.

Front 23

Where is the spleen located?

Back 23

The spleen is in the left superior side of the abdomen

Front 24

Name 2 components of white pulp and of red pulp

Back 24

White pulp- Periarterial lymphatic sheath & lymphatic nodules

Red pulp- Splenic cords and venous sinuses

Front 25

Explain the fast and slow flow of blood through the spleen

Back 25

Blood flow through the spleen either takes a few seconds or takes minutes to an hour or more.

Rapid flow results from the movement of blood from the ends of capillaries into the beginning of the venous sinuses.

Slow flow occurs when blood leaves the ends of the capillaries, enters the splenic cords, percolates through them, and passes through the walls of the venous sinuses.

Front 26

What are three functions of the spleen?

Back 26

The spleen destroys defective red blood cells, detects and responds to foreign substances in the blood, and acts as a blood reservoir.

Front 27

Where is the thymus located? Describe its structure and function.

Back 27

The thymus is a gland in the superior mediastinum and is divided into a cortex and a medulla. Thymus is the site of the maturation of T cells.

Front 28

Define immunity

Back 28

Immunity is the ability to resist the harmful effects of microorganisms and other foreign substances

Front 29

Define specificity

Back 29

Specificity is the ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular substance.

Front 30

Define memory

Back 30

Memory is the ability of adaptive immunity to "remember" previous encounters with a particular substance and respond quickly.

Front 31

What are the differences between innate and adaptive immunity?

Back 31

In innate immunity, each time the body is exposed to a substance, the response is the same because specificity and memory of previous encounters are not present.

In adaptive immunity, the response during the second exposure is faster and stronger than the response to the first exposure because the immune system remembers the bacteria from the first exposure.

Front 32

List 3 main components of
innate immunity

Back 32

1. Mechanical mechanisms
2. Chemical mediators
3. Cells

Front 33

Name 2 mechanical mechanisms that prevent the entry of microorganisms into the body.

In what ways are microorganisms removed from the surfaces of the the body?

Back 33

Prevent entry of microbes = Skin & mucous membranes

Removed = Tears, saliva, & Mucous

Front 34

What are interferons?

How do they provide protection against viruses?

Back 34

Interferons are proteins that prevent viral replication.

Interferons are produced by virally infected cells and move to other cells, which are then protected.

Front 35

Define chemotactic factor

Back 35

Chemotactic factors are parts of microorganisms or chemicals that are released by damaged tissues.

Front 36

Define chemotaxis

Back 36

Chemotaxis is the ability of white blood cells to move to tissues that release chemotactic factors

Front 37

Define phagocytosis

Back 37

Phagocytosis is the ingestion and destruction of materials.

Front 38

What are the functions of neutrophils and macrophages?

Back 38

Neutrophil- phagocytosis and inflammation; usually the first cell to leave the blood and enter infected tissues

Macrophage- Most effective phagocyte; important in later stages of infection and in tissue repair; intercept foreign substances; process antigens; involved in the activation of B and T cells.

Front 39

What is pus?

Back 39

Pus is an accumulation of dead neutrophils, dead microorganisms, debris from dead tissue, and fluid

Front 40

What effects are produced by chemicals released from basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils?

Back 40

Basophils and mast cells release chemicals (histamine and leukotrienes) that promote inflammation.

Eosinophils release enzymes that reduce inflammation.

Front 41

Describe the function of NK cells

Back 41

Natural killers cells lyse tumor cells and virus-infected cells.

Front 42

Describe the events that take place during and inflammatory response

Back 42

?....extensive..........

Front 43

What are the symptoms of local and systemic inflammations?

Back 43

Local inflammation produces symptoms of redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

Symptoms of systemic inflammation include an increase in neutrophil numbers, fever, and shock

Front 44

Define antigen

Back 44

Antigens are large molecules that stimulate and adaptive immune system response.

Front 45

Define hapten

Back 45

Haptens are small molecules that combine with large molecules to stimulate and adaptive immune system response.

Front 46

Distinguish between a foreign antigen and a self-antigen

Back 46

Foreign antigens are not produced by the body but are introduced from outside it. Examples of disease causing foreign antigens include; components of bacteria; viruses; & other microorganisms).

Self-antigens are molecules produced by the body that stimulate an adaptive immune system response (beneficial or harmful).

Front 47

What are allergic reactions and autoimmune diseases?

Back 47

Allergic reaction is an overreaction of the immune system. Examples include pollen, animal dander (scaly, dried skin), feces of house dust mites, foods, and drugs.

Autoimmune disease can result when self-antigens stimulate unwanted tissue destruction.

Front 48

Describe the origin and development of B and T cells

Back 48

B cells & T cells originate in red bone marrow. T cells are processed in the thymus, and B cells are processed in bone marrow.

Front 49

What are lymphocyte clones?

Back 49

A clone is a group of identical lymphocytes that can respond to a specific antigen.

Front 50

Distinguish between positive and negative lymphocyte selection.

Back 50

Positive selection ensures the survival of lymphocytes than can react against antigens.

Negative selection eliminates lymphocytes that react against self-antigens.

Front 51

What are primary and secondary lymphatic organs and tissues?

Back 51

Primary lymphatic organs (red bone marrow and thymus) are where lymphocytes mature into functional cells.

Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues are where lymphocytes produce an immune response.

Front 52

Define antigenic determinant and antigen receptor. How are they related to each other

Back 52

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