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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT
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A movement in which small farms were combined together to create large ones and help produce more goods.
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CROP ROTATION
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Process in which farmers rotate the crops so that the plants don't use up all of the nutrients from the soil.
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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The rapid development of industry in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries. It was basically a major advance in the use of machinery
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FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
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Land, labor, and capital.
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MECHANIZATION
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Process of doing work with machinery.
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FACTORY SYSTEM
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The system in which goods are made on a mass scale by machines in a factory which replaced goods made by individual workers.
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VULCANIZATION
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The process of heating rubber for a variety of purposes.
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ELI WHITNEY
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Invented the cotton gin.
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HENRY BESSEMER
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Came up with the process for the manufacture of steel.
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SAMUEL MORSE
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Invented the telegraph; Morse Code.
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TENEMENTS
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Run-down and overcrowded apartment house.
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THE MIDDLE CLASS
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Composed of businessmen and other professionals. Their wealth and power was expanded as the Industrial Revolution grew larger.
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CAPITALISM
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Economic system that is based on private ownership of the means of production and the creation of goods or services for profit.
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COMMERCIAL CAPITALISM
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People invest in trade or goods to make profits.
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INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM
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The use of machinery that increased to maintain an economic balance through its production processes.
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MASS PRODUCTION
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The production of many of one good; associated with assembly lines.
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CORPORATIONS
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Company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity.
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MONOPOLY
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Single company owns all or nearly all of the market for a given type of product or service; only control one type of good.
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CARTELS
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combination of independent A business organizations formed to regulate production, pricing, and marketing of goods by the members; control everything.
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BUSINESS CYCLE
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A cycle of economic expansion and contraction.
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DEPRESSION
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Long-term downturn in economic activity
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HENRY FORD
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Founder of the Ford Motor Company, and sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production; created the Model T.
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J.P. MORGAN
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American financier, banker, philanthropist and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation; formed the United States Steel Company.
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FREE ENTERPRISE
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Economic system in which private business operates in competition and largely free of state control.
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LAISSEZ FAIRE
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The idea that the government should not interfere with commercial affairs; "Let it be".
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HUMANITARIANS
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Group of people who were devoted to the welfare of others.
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UTILITARIANISM
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The doctrine that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority.
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STRIKE
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The refusal to work as a form of protest.
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UNIONS
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Unions are organizations of Employees that are authorized to represent the employees before management for the purpose of negotiating benefits.
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COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
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Negotiation between an employer and trade union.
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ADAM SMITH
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An 18th-century philosopher and free-market economist famous for his ideas about the efficiency of the division of labor and the societal benefits of individuals' pursuit of their own self-interest; The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776).
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MEANS OF PRODUCTION
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Physical, non-human inputs used in production—the factories, machines, and tools used to produce wealth; as well as infrastructural and natural capital.
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SOCIALISM
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A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
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UTOPIAN SOCIALISTS
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People who believes that everyone works together and are all equal; meaning no wealthier and no poorer classes of people.
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PROLETARIAT
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Identifies a lower social class, usually the working class.
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COMMUNISM
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Economic & political system in which government owns the means of production & controls economic planning.
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DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM
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Political philosophy and social movement that rejects centralized, elitist or authoritarian means of transitioning from capitalism to socialism.
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KARL MARX
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German Social Philosopher & Chief Theorist of Modern Socialism & Communism; Declared that as capitalism grew more workers would become impoverished & miserable.
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FRIEDRICH ENGELS
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German-English industrialist, social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher; contributed to the Marxist Theory; wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England and co-wrote The Communist Manifesto.
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THOMAS EDISON
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American Inventor of over 1,000 patents including the light bulb; also established a power plant that supplied electricity.
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ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
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Invented the telephone.
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WRIGHT BROTHERS
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Invented the first air-flight plane.
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AERODYNAMICS
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The study of the properties of moving air, and esp. of the interaction between the air and solid bodies moving through it.
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BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES VS. PHYSICAL SCIENCES
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Biological science is the study of living things; physical science is the study of atoms and energy.
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EVOLUTION
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The process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier ancestors.
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GENETICS
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Study of heredity.
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PASTEURIZATION
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Sterilization of foods at a temperature that destroys harmful bacteria.
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ANTISEPSIS
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Practice of using antiseptics to eliminate the bacteria that cause disease.
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RADIOACTIVITY
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Chemical reaction in which unstable atomic nuclei release particles; can be extremely dangerous.
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QUANTUM THEORY
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Theory of matter and energy based on the concept of quantum mechanics.
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CHARLES DARWIN
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Published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species; believed in "Survival of the Fittest" and natural selection.
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PIERRE AND MARIE CURIE
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Best known for their pioneering work in the study of radioactivity, which led to their discovery in 1898 of the elements radium and polonium.
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ALBERT EINSTEIN
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American theoretical physicist, developed the theory of relativity among his many scientific theories.
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SOCIAL SCIENCES
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Scientific study of human society and social relationships.
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SOCIAL DARWINISM
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Theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.
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PSYCHIATRY
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Study and treatment of mental illness, emotional disturbance, and abnormal behavior.
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PAVLOV
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Russian Scientist who performed a series of experiments involving conditioning.
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FREUD
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Founding father of psychoanalysis.
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EMIGRATIONS
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The act of leaving one's country to go to another.
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BOBBIES
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The first professional police officers.
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SUBURBS
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Areas outside the main city.
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JANE ADDAMS
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Pioneer settlement worker, founder of Hull House in Chicago, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in woman suffrage and world peace.
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ROMANTICISM
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An artistic & literary movement which rejected the rationalism of Enlightenment in favor of emotion, intuition & imagination; included fables and fairy tales.
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REALISM
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Movement in art & literature that rejected romanticism & sought to depict the details of everyday life, no matter how unpleasant.
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NATURALISTS
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People who practice naturalism in art or literature.
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IMPRESSIONISTS
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Depicted what they saw at a given moment.
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GRIMM BROTHERS
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Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm; wrote many of the famous fairy tales we still read today.
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MARK TWAIN
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American author and humorist; The Adventures of Tom Sawyer & Huckleberry Finn; "Father of American Literature".
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TCHAIKOVSKY
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Russian composer.
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SIR WALTER SCOTT
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Scottish historical novelist, playwright, and poet.
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